Utility theories for the de ̄nitions of cooperative games and associated solution concepts are discussed. A game with side payments needs the assumptions of transferable utility and side payments. We discuss the axioms for the transferable utility assumption and also the role of side payments for various solution concepts. We also discuss games without side payments, which do not require the ass...

The Administrative Justice Court annulled the directive that was issued by the Iranian National Tax Administration. According to the directive, kindergarten, food, commuting, … subsidies are not exempt from the payroll tax. In this research, which is conducted with the descriptive-analytical approach, the exemption or the lack of exemption of the subsidies is studied with regard to the tax law....

BACKGROUND Markets for physician services are becoming increasingly concentrated, with many areas being dominated by a few groups. Antitrust authorities are concerned that increasing concentration will lead to inappropriately high payments for physician services from private insurers. The authors examined the association between market concentration and private insurer payments for anesthesia s...

 Schemes that make use of ex-ante risk transfer instruments, including indemnity and index-based insurance and insurance-linked securities (e.g. catastrophe bonds, catastrophe swaps, and weather hedges).  Schemes where the public sector, the private sector or both (as public-private partnerships) play a role in their set up and operation.  Schemes that have been implemented (fully operationa...

Policy Commercial Members: Managed Care (HMO and POS), PPO, and Indemnity Medicare HMO Blue and Medicare PPO Blue Members Genetic tests for the screening, detection, and management of prostate cancer are INVESTIGATIONAL. This includes, but is not limited to the following:  Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for risk assessment, or  PCA3 for disease diagnosis and prognosis, or  TMPRSS fus...

Data in table 1 give the actual or estimated number of persons covered at the end of 1965 for hospital care, surgical service, and physician inhospital visits by the Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans, by insurance companies, and by the independent plans. “Covered” means having some health insurance protection against the cost of these services. Benefits may be in the form of entitlement to servi...

Trends and determinants of marriage payments have rarely been examined at the population level, despite their plausible implications for the welfare of family and the distribution of wealth across families and generations. In this study, we analyze population-based data from the Vietnam Study of Family Change to examine prevalence, directions, and magnitude of marriage payments in Vietnam from ...

Mobile phones are already approaching penetration rates of close to 80 per cent in some parts of the world. Mobile payments, or “m-payments”, are expected to become an important part of retail payments. M-payments are defined as payments that are carried out via mobile phone. M-commerce as a wide area could be divided into mobile E-commerce and M-trade area. Different models of mobile payments ...

Informal payments for health care are a growing concern in Albania and other transitional economy countries. Recent international studies have shown that informal payments can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status by causing people to forgo or delay seeking care, or sell assets to pay for care. Many countries are putting in place reforms meant to reduce informal ...