The call for the inclusion of pregnant women in clinical trials has received renewed attention recently. This interest springs from articles in various medical journals highlighting the gaps in medical knowledge and the need to improve health care for pregnant women.It is not a simple decision whether to include pregnant women in studies or not. The general thought is that it's too dangerous fo...

The biodiversity paradox is the central problem in theoretical ecology. The paradox consists in the contradiction between the competitive exclusion principle and the observed biodiversity. This contradiction is the key subject of the long-standing and continuing biodiversity debates. The paradox impedes our insights into biodiversity conservation. Previously we proved that due to a soliton-like...

The neighbor-exclusion principle is one of the most general and interesting rules describing intercalative DNA binding by small molecules. It suggests that such binding can only occur at every other base-pair site, reflecting a very large negative cooperativity in the binding process. We have carried out molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations to study intercalation complexes bet...

In this paper, we treat accounting for the number of fuzzy (normal) subgroups finite groups U6n. order to do this, use natural equivalence relation on set U6n, which has a consistent group theoretical foundation. fact, corresponding classes U6n are closely connected structure lattice and chains terminate in regards, Inclusion-Exclusion principle plays an essential role some situations leads rec...

A vertex k-labeling of graph G is distinguishing if the only automorphism that preserves the labels of G is the identity map. The distinguishing number of G, D(G), is the smallest integer k for which G has a distinguishing k-labeling. In this paper, we apply the principle of inclusion-exclusion and develop recursive formulas to count the number of inequivalent distinguishing k-labelings of a gr...

Let G be a simple graph and let S(G) be the subdivision graph of G, which is obtained from G by replacing each edge of G by a path of length two. In this paper, by the Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion we express the matching polynomial and Hosoya index of S(G) in terms of the matchings of G. Particularly, if G is a regular graph or a semi-regular bipartite graph, then the closed formulae of...

A k2m×n (0,1) matrix is called a binary orthogonal array of strength m if in any m columns of the matrix every one of the possible 2 ordered (0,1) m-tuples occurs in exactly k rows and no two rows are identical. In this paper, the enumeration of binary orthogonal arrays is studied, and a closed expression for the enumeration of binary orthogonal arrays of strength 1 is given using the inclusion...

The typicality effect during categorization describes a phenomenon whereby typical items are more easily judged as members of a category than atypical items. Prior studies of the typicality effect have often used an inclusion task, which asks participants to assess whether an item belongs to a category. However, the correct exclusion of non-members is also an important component of effective ca...

A quite popular approach to solving the Causal Exclusion Problem is to adopt a counterfactual theory of causation. In this paper, I distinguish three versions of the Causal Exclusion Argument. I argue that the counterfactualist approach can block the first two exclusion arguments, because the Causal Inheritance Principle and the Upward Causation Principle upon which the two arguments are based ...