This paper evaluates changes in electricity generation costs caused by the introduction of market mechanisms to determine production United States. I use staggered transition markets from 1999 2012 estimate causal impact liberalization using a differences-in-difference design on comprehensive hourly panel demand, generators’ costs, capacities, and output. find that reduce 5 percent reallocating...

This article considers an inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with expiration dates, such as seasonal items, first-hand vegetables, and fruits. Interestingly, inspection will be performed to manage the quality of during state no deterioration because it is difficult purchase 100% perfection. Additionally, we assume that upstream member has power controlling or influencing ...

The “less is more effect” (LIME) occurs when a recognition-dependent agent has a greater probability of choosing the better item than a more knowledgeable agent who recognizes more items. Goldstein and Gigerenzer (2002) define α as the probability that a correct choice is made on the basis of recognition alone and β the probability that a correct choice is made when both items are recognized (v...