The isoxazole derivatives are interesting objects for synthesis in the search for various sorts of biological activity. Looking for more active immunomodulators we synthesized a series of 5-amino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid semicarbazides and thiosemicarbazides in the reaction of 5-amino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid hydrazide with isocyanates and isothiocyanates. The biological e...

An updated review of the antiviral agents currently available or under trial for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is presented. There are two broad groups: (1) immunomodulators including interferon a (which also has a direct antiviral effect), thymosin a1 and Theradigm-HBV and (2) viral suppressors such as famciclovir and lamivudine. These agents are still in clinical trial worldwide, singl...

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of presumed autoimmune origin that affects the central nervous system. The main form of therapy is based on the use of immunomodulators such as interferon beta, which are usually well tolerated. Skin manifestations resulting from treatment with interferon beta-1b consist principally of reactions at the site of subcutaneous application ...

Background Agonists of the Adenosine 2a Receptor (A2aR) are used clinically for perfusion imaging, but they are also potent immunomodulators that reduce infarct size in animal models when administered at reperfusion. The long term effects of sustained A2aR agonist administration initiated after myocardial infarction (MI) are largely unexplored. We hypothesized that sustained administration of a...

Immunomodulating drugs are important tools in the treatment of infectious diseases, especially hepatitis. The authors present different classes of immunomodulators that are currently in use. After the era of antibiotherapy and of augmentation of host defense through immunizations, the time has come for immunomodulation substances to be reevaluated. Becausemultidrug antibiotic resistance has tur...