The mouse sensitized by subcutaneous (sc) injection of lysozyme in emulsion of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was shown by a modified footpad test to develop three kinds of hypersensitivities. Injecting lysozyme in 2.5-mul emulsion of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) into the footpad elicited strong footpad swelling in 30 min (anaphylactic reaction), in 3 hr (Arthus-type reaction) and in 24...

During the 1918 influenza pandemic, healthy young adults unusually succumbed to infection and were considered more vulnerable than young children and the elderly. The pathogenesis of this pandemic in the young adult population remains poorly understood. As this population is normally the least likely to die during seasonal influenza outbreaks, thought to be due to their appropriate pre-existing...

Standardized extracts of undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) are used as alternative approaches to the treatment osteoarthritis (OA). The effect UC-II is associated with modulation mechanisms innate and acquired immunity, a decrease in activity proinflammatory cytokines prostaglandins. Epitopes native structure contribute autoimmune reactions that stimulate cartilage degradation. Interacting d...

Insects express 3 lines of protection from infections and invasions. Their cuticles and peritrophic membranes are physical barriers. Infections and invasions are quickly recognized within insect bodies, and recognition launches 2 lines of innate immune reactions. Humoral reactions involve induced synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, the bacteriolytic enzyme lysozyme and activation of the prophe...

Strains of four streptococcal types, 33, 41, 43, 52, and a nontypable strain, Ross, cross-reacted in precipitin and bactericidal tests. The homologous reactions, which determined the type, afforded the major protection and developed promptly and regularly in the serum of rabbits during immunization. The associated cross-reactions, on the other hand, appeared in the serum of certain rabbits only...

The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative synthesis pro-inflammatory cytokines, state cellular immunity, free radical oxidation reactions and antioxidant protection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without relapse. Material methods. carried out on two groups patients: first group basic which included 39 relapsed (TBR); 2nd control non-relapsed (TB). Pro-inflammatory cytokines...

This work was designed to provide high protective, long-lasting immunity against FMD by enhancing the immunogenicity of trivalent vaccine using carbomer as adjuvant G. pigs an alternative cheapest animal model for quality control testing prepared vaccines formulae. Guinea were chosen experimental models develop concepts and techniques study PD50 because similarities clinical symptoms in these a...