background: leishmaniasis is a complex disease which presents as visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms. the current treatment options for this infection are very limited and the immunological state of the host appears to play an important role in the efficacy of the treatment. immunostimulation through immune response activating agents such as imiquimod is another rational approach for th...

Abstract Vaccines utilizing encapsulated mRNA within lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in clinical studies of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, two prominent vaccines developed against the S protein SARS-CoV-2. Despite several Phase III trials offering deep intuition about vaccine efficacy, musculo-immune basis for elicitation a strong germinal center response from mRNA/...

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina platensis (S.platensis) by measuring the levels of serum interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-|γ| in mice suffered from systemic candidiasis and breast cancer. Theaqueous extract of S. platensis was selected for this study. Balb/C female mice were inoculated withCand...

background: plasmapheresis is a well-recognised method for harvestingplasma.  it was introduced in the 1950s and is currently employed worldwide.  this method has been in use in iran since 1979.   objective: to evaluate the efficacy of donor safety program used at the iranian blood transfusion organization.   methods: a comparison is made of the protein concentrations between the first-time and...

Abstract Small molecule immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 and other pathways may offer advantages including ease of dosing, ability to manage immune-related adverse events (irAEs) due their shorter pharmacokinetic exposure opportunity target more than one pathway for improving efficacy. Here we describe the identification characterization CA-170, an amino acid inspired small inhibitor...

Background: Leishmaniasis is a complex disease which presents as visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms. The current treatment options for this infection are very limited and the immunological state of the host appears to play an important role in the efficacy of the treatment. Immunostimulation through immune response activating agents such as Imiquimod is another rational approach for th...

Immune checkpoints have been aggressively investigated for anti-cancer immunotherapy. The power of microbiota on the outcome this immunotherapy has attracted much attention. For example, intestinal microorganisms play a key role in effectiveness programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) blockade. Additionally, short-chain fatty acids produced gut may ...

Background: Cell mediated immunity, especially cytotoxic T cell responses against HIV-1 infection, plays a critical role in controlling viral replication and disease progres-sion. DNA vaccine is a novel technology which is known to stimulate strong cellular immune responses. Many DNA vaccines have been tested for HIV infection but there is still no effective vaccine against this infection. Cons...