Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory and destructive joint disorder that affects tens of millions of people worldwide. Normal healthy joints maintain a balance between the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and the proteolytic degradation of damaged ones. In the case of RA, this balance is shifted toward matrix destruction due to increased production of...

The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes persistent mammalian infection despite the development of vigorous immune responses against the pathogen. To examine spirochetal phenotypes that dominate in the hostile immune environment, the mRNA transcripts of four prototypic surface lipoproteins, decorin-binding protein A (DbpA), outer surface protein C (OspC), BBF01, and VlsE, were ...

Leptin seems to play an important role in the generation and maintenance of immune responses. Leptin is a cytokine similar in structure to interleukin 2, an important T-cell growth factor. Energy balance and supply is increasingly being realised as an important factor in the survival and function of immune cells. Immune responses are intrinsically energy expensive and come at a cost to the resp...

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation that causes the loss of immune tolerance leading to bizarre inflammatory signals and disruption of mucosal barriers. Environmental triggers and interaction of genetic determinants also play an indispensible role. In this case report, we present a pre-pubertal girl with intermittent and refra...

Common variable immune deficiency disease (CVID) is one of the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders. It causes reduction of immunoglobulin levels and specific antibodies production and enhancement of recurrent and chronic infections risk, especially respiratory infections and gastrointestinal tracts. Here, we report a case of CVID in a 3 years old male with recurrent hospitalizations ...

Ovarian cancer accounts for only 3% of all cancers in women, but it causes more deaths than any other gynecologic cancer. Treatment with chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery shows a good response to the therapy. However, in a large proportion of the patients the tumor grows back within a few years. Cancer stem cells, that are less responsive to these treatments, are blamed for this recurrence...

this study evaluated the effects of probiotic, lactobacillus plantarum on serum biochemical and some immune parameters of immunized rainbow trout weighting 29.6±1.84 g, with streptococcosis/lactococosis vaccine at 16±1.5°c, for 60 days. a commercial diet was used as the control. fish in the first treatment were immunized with streptococcosis/lactococosis vaccine in bathing route for 1 min. in t...

In order to understand AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), we need to discuss two major biological phenomena: the virus that causes AIDS, known as human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, and the cells in the immune system that are by HIV. Only when both are described does the disease begin to make sense. We begin by extending our earlier description of how the immune system works and then exa...

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately 20% of all deaths in the United States are caused by cancer. It has become clear that most cancers have external causes and, in principle, should be preventable. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that the composition of the diet significantly impacts our immune system. Therefore, changing dietary composition as a tool to improv...

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 causes COVID-19 infection. Vitamins C and D have been investigated for their effects on including the severity of it’s symptoms complications. These vitamins may provide some benefits against as they modulate immune system in addition to having anti-viral effects. This review will investigate infection determine management patients infected by...