Three compact and efficient designs are proposed to deliver an average irradiance of 50 mW/cm(2) with spatial uniformity well above 90% over a 25 mm(2) target area for photodynamic therapy of the oral cavity. The main goal is to produce uniform illumination on the target while limiting irradiation of healthy tissue, thus overcoming the need of shielding the whole oral cavity and greatly simplif...

Microfluidics is used increasingly for engineering and biomedical applications due to recent advances in microfabrication technologies. Visualization of bubbles, tracer particles, and cells in a microfluidic device is important for designing a device and analyzing results. However, with conventional methods, it is difficult to observe the channel geometry and such particles simultaneously. To o...

The purpose of this study was to establish a novel imaging system for evaluation of cataract in small animals. Diabetic cataract was induced in male Wistar rats by a combination of a bolus injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.v.) and 5% D-glucose given as drinking water. To assess cataract development, we designed a digital camera system equipped with a non-reflecting illuminator for captur...

BACKGROUND Development of a practical gene point-of-care testing device (g-POCT device) requires innovative detection methods for demonstrating the results of the gene amplification reaction without the use of expensive equipment. We have studied a new method for the sequence-specific visual detection of minute amounts of nucleic acids using precipitation reaction by addition of cationic polyme...

wiraqah as one of the common jobs among muslims had an important role in producing and popularity of the books. one who works in this occupation have called warraq (scribe, illuminator, bookbinder, etc. simultaneously). the first question comes to mind on this profession is how the wiraqah had begun as a job and who were the first warraqs. according to a common view, making paper by muslims was...

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Specimens collected by fine needle are microscopic and contain blood; therefore, the presence of a target specimen within a sample is often difficult to confirm. Although rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) during endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is beneficial, many health care facilities are unable to apply this technique due to a lack ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate spontaneous eye disease in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, which are commonly used for toxicity tests, and to provide reference materials for pharmaceutical companies and research centers. A total of 586 NZW rabbits were randomly chosen without sex preference and were examined using ocular equipment, including a direct ophthalmoscope, an indirect op...

Optogenetic methods have been highly effective for suppressing neural activity and modulating behavior in rodents, but effects have been much smaller in primates, which have much larger brains. Here, we present a suite of technologies to use optogenetics effectively in primates and apply these tools to a classic question in oculomotor control. First, we measured light absorption and heat propag...

Phase contrast microscopy allows the study of highly transparent yet detail-rich specimens by producing intensity contrast from phase objects within the sample. Presented here is a generalized phase contrast illumination schema in which condenser optics are entirely abrogated, yielding a condenser-free yet highly effective method of obtaining phase contrast in transmitted-light microscopy. A ri...

Active imaging can provide significantly larger signal margins in the millimeter-wave spectral region than passive imaging, especially indoors-an important application for which there is no cold sky illumination. However, coherent effects, such as speckle, negate much of this advantage by destroying image clarity and target recognition. Moreover, active imaging demonstrations often use strategi...