background hepatitis b infection is still the main cause of chronic liver disease in iran, which is associated with significant economic and social costs. objectives this study aimed to estimate the financial burden caused by chb infection and its complications in iran. results the total annual cost for the activate population of chb patients and for those receiving treatment at various disease...

adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. there are approximately 1.2 billion adolescents (10-19 years) globally, roughly 90% of whom live in low and middle-income countries. most are healthy, but there is still significant death, illness and diseases among adolescents. illnesses c...

PURPOSE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor disabilities and increasing dependence on others for daily life activities with consequent impact on patients' and caregivers' quality of life. The aim of this study was to elucidate the burden on primary caregivers of patients with PD, and identify related factors. METHODS A cross-sectional descrip...

BACKGROUND The vast majority of malaria deaths in Uganda occur in children five and under and in rural areas. This study's exploratory case study approach captured unique situations to illustrate special attributes and aspects of treatment-seeking during a malaria episode. METHODS During August 2010, a qualitative exploratory study was conducted in seven of Butaleja District's 12 sub-counties...

Sepsis is a frequent complication in critical illness. The mechanisms that are involved in initiation and propagation of the disease are not well understood. Scavenger receptor A (SRA) is a membrane receptor that binds multiple polyanions such as oxidized LDL and endotoxin. Recent studies suggest that SRA acts as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune response. The goal of the pres...

Malnutrition is one of the global burdens disease affecting children under-five in developing world and has a bidirectional relation with diarrhea. This study aimed to determine water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) effects on diarrhea assess its relationship nutritional status among exposed non-exposed under age five years. A prospective cohort 434 was recruited followed up for 12 months Lalitpur....

A series of studies have shown that the heavy burdens of diarrheal diseases in the first 2 formative years of life in children living in urban shanty towns have negative effects on physical and cognitive development lasting into later childhood. We have shown that APOE4 is relatively common in shanty town children living in Brazil (13.4%) and suggest that APOE4 has a protective role in cognitiv...