insurance is one kind of uncertain contract. it is possiblethat insurance located as another form and title but it is noone of them and it is independent contract. extension ofloss in process of insurance is possible (like othercontract) because the rate of insurance may be more lessthan the installments and payment of insurance or it maybe less that whole of it. possibility of loss in insuranc...

In this paper, we consider the coherent theory of (epistemic) uncertainty of Walley, in which beliefs are represented through sets of probability distributions, and we focus on the problem of modeling prior ignorance about a categorical random variable. In this setting, it is a known result that a state of prior ignorance is not compatible with learning. To overcome this problem, another state ...

Rik Peels has ingeniously argued that ignorance is not equivalent to the lack or absence of knowledge. In this response, I defend the “Standard View of Ignorance” according to which they are equivalent. In the course of doing so, some important lessons will emerge concerning the nature of ignorance and its relationship to knowledge.

Classifiers that aim at doing credible predictions should rely on carefully elicited prior knowledge. Often this is not available so they should start learning from data in condition of near-ignorance. This paper shows empirically, on an agricultural data set, that established methods of classification do not always adhere to this principle. Traditional ways to represent prior ignorance are sho...