Patients suffering form epilepsy have an increased risk for fractures. Beside fractures caused by fall or accident muscles forces alone generated during tonic-clonic seizure can result in severe musculoskeletal injury. Contractions of strong paraspinal muscles can lead to compression fracture of the mid-thoracic spine. We report a patient who had suffered from a tonic-clonic seizure during earl...

Fragile X syndrome (Fra-X) is a common cause of mental retardation that can be associated with partial epilepsy characterized by a variety of electro-clinical features. A wide spectrum of interictal activities are reported, although no data regarding ictal EEG activity have as yet been published. Drug-resistant seizures are uncommon, and the occurrence of clustering seizures or status epileptic...

Singing is a rare ictal symptom of focal epilepsy. Here, we report a case of a right-handed patient who demonstrated ictal singing due to right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI (SISCOM) performed during ictal singing demonstrated areas of hyperperfusion in the bilateral frontal regions (more prominent in the left frontal lobe), bilateral subcortical reg...

Ictal speech manifestations with or without loss of consciousness can frequently occur in TLE in which sometimes the patient may remain responsive, even in conjunction with automatisms. Foreign language ictal speech automatism (FLISA) is a rare ictal sign in temporal lobe epilepsy arising from the non-dominant hemisphere. While our literature review revealed no report of CPSs with two foreign l...

Patients with Taylor's type focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) present with seizures that are often medically intractable. Here, we attempted to identify the cellular and pharmacological mechanisms responsible for this epileptogenic state by using field potential and K+-selective recordings in neocortical slices obtained from epileptic patients with FCD and, for purposes of comparison, with mesial ...

Epilepsy is an electrophysiological disorder of the brain, the hallmark of which is recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures electrical activity of the brain that is commonly applied as a non-invasive technique for seizure detection. Although a vast number of publications have been published on intelligent algorithms to classify interictal and ictal EEG, it remains...

PURPOSE To detect the epileptogenic region causing epileptic spasms in an infant with tuberous sclerosis (TS). METHODS We applied a multiple band frequency analysis to video electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of the infant's scalp. We also performed computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetoencephalography ...

We report a 10-year-old boy with mild developmental delay and epilepsy with new events of right back tickling and emotional upset. These initially appeared behavioral, causing postulation of habit behaviors or psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Several ictal and interictal EEGs were unrevealing. Continuous EEG revealed only poorly localized frontal ictal activity. Given that his clinical sympto...

BACKGROUND The extraction of physiological rhythms from electroencephalography (EEG) data and their automated analyses are extensively studied in clinical monitoring, to find traces of interictal/ictal states of epilepsy. METHODS Because brain wave rhythms in normal and interictal/ictal events, differently influence neuronal activity, our proposed methodology measures the contribution of each...

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was first described as an angiogenic agent, but has recently also been shown to exert various neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in the nervous system. These effects of VEGF are mainly mediated by its receptor, VEGFR-2, which is also referred to as the fetal liver kinase receptor 1 (Flk-1). VEGF is up-regulated in neurons and glial cells after epi...