Hyponatremia is the most common, clinically-significant electrolyte abnormality seen in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Controversy continues to exist regarding both the cause and treatment of hyponatremia in this patient population. Lack of timely diagnosis and/or providing inadequate or inappropriate treatment can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. We review recen...

The increasing recognition of the risk of hyponatremia and its public health impact [1–4] has been matched by increasing interest in the new class of drugs, proven to correct hyponatremia, the arginine vasopressin (AVP) V2 receptor antagonists (so-called vaptans). Two vaptans have already been approved for the management of hyponatremia in the USA, and considerable research efforts have been de...

Hyponatremia, in its most severe form, requires urgent infusion of hypertonic saline to correct cerebral edema. However, overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome. The authors review the treatment of hyponatremia in order to provide clinicians with a sound approach in a variety of settings in which severity, symptoms, and underlying disease states ...

A 63-year-old male was admitted with complaints of upper gastrointestinal symptoms with fatigue and myalgia. Investigations revealed severe hyponatremia with elevated creatine phosphokinase levels. Following further workup, it was diagnosed as a case of hyponatremia induced rhabdomyolysis. Because of prompt correction of hyponatremia, his renal function was preserved and myoglobinuria induced r...

outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretics. JAMA 2002; 288: 2981–2997 3. Morganti A. Should a diuretic always be the first choice in patients with essential hypertension? The case for no. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: S70–S73 4. Ashraf N, Locksley R, Arieff AI. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia associated wi...

BACKGROUND Perturbations of blood sodium are the most frequently encountered electrolyte disorder in sick children, and may influence fluid therapy. We examined the frequency of blood sodium perturbations, and factors and outcomes associated with hyponatremia in children admitted to a rural Kenyan hospital and investigated the risk factors associated with deaths in hyponatremic children. METH...

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte derangement in the setting of the intensive care unit. Life-threatening neurological complications may arise not only in case of a severe (<120 mmol/L) and acute fall of plasma sodium levels, but may also stem from overly rapid correction of hyponatremia. Additionally, even mild hyponatremia carries a poor short-term and long-term prognosis across a wide ran...

This review aims at summarizing essential aspects of epidemiology and pathophysiology of hyponatremia in chronic heart failure (CHF), to set the ground for a practical as well as evidence-based approach to treatment. As a guide through the discussion of the available evidence, a clinical case of hyponatremia associated with CHF is presented. For this case, the severe neurological signs at prese...

Diuretics are the recommended antihypertensive by several international guidelines. This study was designed to determine the association of hyponatremia in hypertensive patients on diuretic therapy. This was a case control study conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi in adult inpatients (> 18 years) who were known hypertensive. Cases were defined as hypertensives with hyponatrem...

Background Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality in cancer patients who receive chemotherapy. Among anticancer agents, platinum-based agents are reported to cause chemotherapy-induced hyponatremia. However, the actual incidence and risk factors remain unknown. Results The reports of 29 trials were analyzed. The incidence of grade 3/4 hyponatremia was 11.9% in patients treated with ...