PURPOSE To examine Chinese neonatal infants with both cycloplegic and noncycloplegic retinoscopy and to compare the distribution of refractive errors for the two techniques. METHODS Cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed by two experienced pediatric ophthalmologists on 81 neonatal infants randomly selected from a group of 185 neonates who had undergone noncycloplegic retinoscopy. All infants w...

Hyperopia is a common refractive error that is usually corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Following the fast advancement in refractive surgery and technology, eyeglasses or contact lenses were no longer the single treatment option in refractive errors. Today, extraction of transparent lens and intraocular lens implantation, phacic intraocular lens applications and corneal surgeries ar...

PURPOSE To describe the relationship of refractive errors to the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy (ARM) in a defined white population. METHODS Persons aged 43 to 86 years of age in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, were invited for a baseline examination from 1988 through 1990, and follow-up examinations 5 and 10 years later (n = 3684). Refraction was measured at baseline, with myopia define...

The aim of the study is to compare outcome measures of refractive error obtained using the Plusoptix S09 photorefractor and an autorefractometer of noncycloplegics and cycloplegics in children.We reviewed the medical records of 40 patients (77 eyes) who were classified using 2 methods. The patients were first assigned to 2 groups consisting of 11 eyes with ≥+3.0 D and 66 eyes with <+3.0 D, and ...

BACKGROUND Overcorrection following myopic photorefractive keratectomy, with a target of emmetropia, leaving a spherical equivalent of more than 1.0 D of hyperopia is of the order of 1%. This study analyses the efficacy, safety, and 1 year stability of outcome of laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) carried out on eyes with persistent symptomatic hyperopia following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) ...

Purpose Mutations in membrane frizzled-related protein (MFRP) are associated with nanophthalmia, hyperopia, foveoschisis, irregular patches of RPE atrophy, and optic disc drusen in humans. Mouse mfrp mutants show retinal degeneration but no change in eye size or refractive state. The goal of this work was to generate zebrafish mutants to investigate the loss of Mfrp on eye size and refractive s...

Nanophthalmos is a rare disorder of eye development characterized by extreme hyperopia (farsightedness), with refractive error in the range of +8.00 to +25.00 diopters. Because the cornea and lens are normal in size and shape, hyperopia occurs because insufficient growth along the visual axis places these lensing components too close to the retina. Nanophthalmic eyes show considerable thickenin...

This paper studies the design of the optimal non linear taxation in an economy where longevity varies across agents, and depends on three factors: longevity genes, health investment and farsightedness. Provided earnings, farsightedness and genes are correlated, governmental intervention can be justified on two grounds: correction for a lack of farsightedness and redistribution across both earni...

purpose: to determine the screening prevalence of amblyopia, refractive errors and strabismus among 7 to 12 year-old primary school children, tehran, iran, in 2013. methods: this population based cross sectional study was performed on randomly selected 2410 students from 40 primary schools. visual acuity was measured using yang vision tester snellen e-optotype. if visual acuity was ≤20/40, the ...

purpose : to determine the prevalence of refractive errors, strabismus and amblyopia in the schoolboys of varamin city, iran methods : in a cross-sectional population-based study in 2010, we used random cluster sampling to select the participants from varamin high school students. examinations were conducted at the school site under standard conditions. all students had non-cycloplegic refracti...