This paper proposes a bi-level stochastic optimization problem (a Stackelberg game) to generate optimal bids for a profit maximizing hydropower producer and presents a mathematical approach to solve it. The first level represents the strategically acting hydropower producer also called a Stackelberg leader, while the second level represents the transmission system operator (TSO) also called a S...

A modularization method has been proposed here for the full scope real-time simulation of a large-scale hydropower plant. In this method, the full scope dynamic simulation model can be decomposed into several subsystems that can be calculated independently in every time step, and each kind of subsystem model is developed to be a standard module. Using object-oriented modeling method for the sim...

Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is a biofouling organism that lives generally in freshwater ecosystems. Zebra mussel infestation has occurred at various freshwater structures and systems including raw water intakes, industrial and domestic distribution pipelines, and hydropower facilities at its native regions as well as distant locations. A study was conducted to perform risk assessment an...

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to renewable energy. In accordance with its Statute, IRENA's objective is to "promote the widespread and increased adoption and the sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy". This concerns all forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner and includes bioenergy, geo...

Hydropower is one of the most sustainable and desirable renewable energy sources. Gravitational water vortex hydro turbine (GWVHT) systems are suitable power generation devices for remote rural areas, particularly in developing countries, owing to their small scales low costs. There various GWVHT with different configurations operating conditions. The main components a system include inlet outl...