planners have regarded understanding urban use per capita since the beginning of new thinking of urban development. this was stared with its pragmatics toward primary comprehensive urban plans and became a source for urban development plans that have tried to adapt per capita and standards with country’s conditions. iran's supreme council for planning and architecture, determined standards...

[Compassion) is the supreme elixir That overcomes the sovereignty of death. It is the inexhaustible treasure That eliminates poverty in the world. It is the supreme medicine That quells the world's disease. It is the tree that shelters all beings Wandering and tired on the path of conditioned existence. It is the universal bridge That leads to freedom from unhappy states of birth. It is the daw...

Empirically oriented scholars often struggle with how to measure preferences across time and institutional contexts. This article characterizes these difficulties and provides a measurement approach that incorporates information that bridges time and institutions in a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to ideal point measurement. The resulting preference estimates for presidents, senato...