Innate responses during acute HIV infection correlate with disease progression and pathogenesis. However, limited information is available about the events occurring first hours of in mucosal sites transmission. With an ex vivo HIV-1 challenge model human colorectal tissue we assessed induced by R5- X4-tropic isolates 24 h exposure. Microscopy studies demonstrated virus penetration up to 39 μm ...

Papillomaviruses are a group of DNA viruses belonging to the Papillomavirida family. These provoke pathological conditions manifesting with inflammation, exophytic masses, carcinogenesis, reproductive and perinatal disorders. Immune status is an essential factor de-termining severity duration inflammatory diseases, course latent viral infections, including papillomavirus infection (PVI). The hu...

The ds-RNA activated protein kinase (PKR) is a serine-threonine kinase with MW of 68 KDa. It belongs to a family of kinases that control one of the translational initiation factors, eIF2. PKR is produced at high level in response to viral infection. This protein by phosphorylating eIF2 inhibits cellular protein synthesis. In this study, the effect of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), an activator, and ...

Background:  New discoveries about the pathophysiology changed the concept that all forms of osteoarthritis are alike; this lead to the delineation of different phenotypes such as age, trauma or obese related forms. We aim to compare soluble mediator profiles in primary knee and posttraumatic wrist osteoarthritis. Based on the general faster progression rate of wrist osteoarthritis, we hypothes...

Background: Salivary gland tumors are among malignancies that have high recurrence rate. Immune responses in salivary gland tumors have not been well elucidated. T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines have been reported to play a role in the outcome of head and neck cancers. Objective: To evaluate the serum levels of interferon gamma (IFN- γ), as the hallmark of Th1 cytokines, and interleukin-...