human linguatulosis poses an important medical and veterinary concern in en-demic countries. animals, as reservoir host, play a major role in transmission of infestation and epidemiology of the disease. this study reports a case of human linguatulosis caused by linguatula serrata in the city of kerman, south-eastern iran. a woman suffering from upper respiratory symptoms is presented. the pa-ti...

ebola virus disease (formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever) is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90%. the illness affects humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). ebola first appeared in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in a village near the ebola river in the democratic republic of congo, and the other in a remote area of sudan. the...

The transcript levels of six defense genes including pathogenesis-related gene 1 (PR-1), pathogenesis-related gene 2 (PR-2), pathogenesis-related gene 5 (PR-5), lipoxygenase (LOX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) were investigated in tomato plants inoculated with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli as a non-host pathogen and X. euvesicatoria as a host pathogen. Activation o...

A GREAT EXPERIMENT "It is good thus to try in imagination to give any one species an advantage over another. Probably in no single instance should we know what to do. This ought to convince us of our ignorance on the mutual relations of all organic beings: a conviction as necessary, as it is difficult to acquire."-Charles Darwin. It may be characteristic of our age that so tremendous an experim...

Viruses are obligatory intracellular pathogens and completely depend on their hosts for survival and reproduction. The strategies adopted by viruses to exploit host cell processes and to evade host immune systems during infections may differ largely with the type of the viral genetic material. An improved understanding of these viral infection mechanisms is only possible through a better unders...

COVER Stylized comparison of the inner solar system (top) and Kepler-62 (bottom), a fi ve-planet system about 1200 light-years away. Like our solar system, Kepler-62 hosts two planets in its habitable zone (depicted in green), the region around a star where a planet could conceivably maintain liquid water on its surface. The special section beginning on page 565 summarizes what we currently kno...