As a main form of administrative liability, contraventional liability intervenes in the case anti-social acts with less social danger (in principle) than that crime, but similar to criminal multiple aspects: public character coercion. Like criminalized by law, targeted norms can have complex character, attracting both and civil (delictual) (Pricope, 2013; p. 332).

The existence of corporations in the Criminal Code provisions that currently apply has not clearly stipulated as perpetrators crime because only Article 59 still regulates corporate provisions. However, regulations outside have regulated legal subjects such Law Number 40 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. Corporate criminal its development been widespread people's lives, this can be d...

This paper studies an economic model of tort liability rules and considers litigation between a firm and a consumer, under the assumption that the consumer may not perfectly observe the firm’s action. We compare two alternative tort liability rules: the Negligence rule and strict liability with contributory negligence. We consider the noiseless case as a benchmark, and show that under those two...

The Portuguese Constitution, in article 22, instituted the general principle of tort liability of the State and other public law entities. Consequently, ordinary legislation established the tort liability of the State into the Portuguese Legal Order, by means of Decree-Law 48051, of 1967. This decree, which was criticised extensively, was amended by virtue of Law 67/2007, of 31 December, establ...

We investigate the effectiveness of proportionate liability in reducing the probability of fraud and audit risk relative to joint and several liability in two strategic audit settings: one that provides conclusive evidence of fraud and one that provides inconclusive evidence of fraud. In both settings the auditor makes an audit effort choice, but in the second setting the auditor also evaluates...