INTRODUCTION The expanding HIV epidemic in Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan is concentrated among people who inject drugs (PWID), who comprise a third of prisoners there. Detention of PWID is common but its impact on health has not been previously studied in the region. We aimed to understand the relationship between official and unofficial (police harassment) detention of PWID and HIV risk behaviours...

background: ocsillator system is recognized by many water plant treatment designers for having many advantages, such as combination of mixing processes, flocculation and sedimentation processes in the same unit, the possibility of softening and lucidity simultaneously, and relatively acceptable efficiency. despite using this process in number of the regions in the country, enough researches hav...

Trouble has been brewing for the past year within the state's correctional system. A series of inmate suicides in state prisons and in county detention centers has drawn adverse publicity about the provision (or lack) of mental health services to inmates. These incidents most often occur in minimum security prisons or in detention centers while prisoners are awaiting trial. The Legislative Comm...

On 14 July 2017, the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) announced that it would shorten time period for holding eleven kinds of noncitizen detainee records invited public comment on these changes. NARA stated decision to recategorize many as “temporary” was because they held “little or no research value.” The files included abuse, assault, deaths people in immigration dete...

Prison systems are rarely gender sensitive, and are even less so in conflict situations. When women are detained, it is crucial that international standards, applied with sensitivity to women’s particular needs, are brought to bear. This article gives an overview of the relevant international law, as well as the gender-specific considerations that need to be taken into account when implementing...

Background and Objectives: Health care workers are under constant exposure to the risk of ooccupational blood-borne infection, which most of the time can be avoided by observing standard precautions. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of health care workers of a sample tertiary care hospital towards occupational exposure to blood-borne pat...

Background. In 2013, five patients with confirmed typhoid fever were diagnosed while in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) or U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) custody. Four patients required hospitalization; two of the patients, both from a South Asian country, were infected with drug resistant isolates. All hospitalized patients survived without sequelae and were returned t...

• In Australia, immigration policy is to incarcerate those seeking asylum in order to deter others from coming. • Within this environment, health care providers frequently experience “dual loyalty” conflict, whereby they cannot serve the interests of both their patients and their employers. • The ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) would allow for dom...

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the Girls' Health Screen as a screening instrument compared to a standard history and physical examination among females entering juvenile detention. Chi-square analyses were performed to evaluate the association between the results of the self-administered screen and the history and physical examination performed by a provider. The screen...

OBJECTIVE To describe mothers' exclusive breastfeeding intentions and whether Baby-Friendly hospital practices are associated with achieving these intentions. METHODS In the 2005-2007 Infant Feeding Practices Study II, women completed a prenatal questionnaire and approximately monthly questionnaires through 12 months. Mothers met their prenatal exclusive breastfeeding intention if their durat...