Previous research indicates that, when shown a collision between a moving and a stationary object, 11-month-old infants believe that the size of the moving object affects how far the stationary object is displaced. The present experiments examined whether 6.5- and 5.5-month-old infants hold the same belief. The infants sat in front of a horizontal track; to the left of the track was an inclined...

It is shown that the caustic formed by the reflection of a plane wave off the inside of a cylinder is independent of the angle of incidence of the wave with the axis of the cylinder. Moreover, the caustic formed by the reflection of a point source off a cylinder is proven to be translation symmetric. This is done by constructing explicitly the focal sets of the reflected line congruences (2-par...

Objective(s): The present study was conducted to examine whether the standardized uptake value (SUV) may be affected by the spatial position of a lesion in the radial direction on positron emission tomography (PET) images, obtained via two methods based on time-of-flight (TOF) reconstruction and point spread function (PSF). Methods: A cylinder phantom with the sphere (30mm diameter), located in...

A numerical study of the natural convection of the laminar heat transfers in the stationary state was developed in a horizontal ring and compared between a heated trapezoidal internal cylinder and a cold elliptical outer cylinder. This annular space is traversed by a Newtonian and incompressible fluid. The Prandtl number is set to 0.7 (air case) for different Rayleigh numbers. The system of equ...

We consider the Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem of two initially stationary immiscible viscous fluids positioned with the denser above the less dense in a finite circular cylinder such that their starting fluid-fluid interface is the horizontal midplane of the cylinder. The ensuing linear instability problem has a 5D parameter space defined by the density ratio, the viscosity ratio, the cyl...

In this work, a numerical study of the gas-solids flow in a 3D gas-fluidized bed with an immersed horizontal cylinder is performed using the combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM). In order to investigate the wall effect, a sensitivity study of bed thickness is performed first to obtain the critical bed thickness at which the bed can be regarded as 3D. The...

An investigation into in-cylinder swirl and tumble flow characteristics with reduced maximum valve lifts (MVL) is presented. The experimental work was conducted in the modified four-valve optical spark-ignition (SI) test engine with three different MVL. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed for measuring in-cylinder air motion and measurement results were analyzed for examining flow fie...

A new set of high Reynolds number experiments (Re = riΩi∆r ν ∼ 10 − 10) are conducted to examine the layer formation observed in stratified Taylor–Couette flow. A wider range of radius ratios η = ri ro (where ri and ro are the radii of the inner and outer cylinder, respectively) than previously possible is explored to examine the universality of the dependence of layer height l on U N , where U...

Accurately assessing the forces and reactions on cylindrical objects partially embedded in soils is fundamental in pipeline engineering as well as the analysis and design of off-road vehicles. With a view towards understanding the limiting forces acting over the contact area between the cylinder and the soil, this paper compares two different theoretical approaches for predicting ultimate loads...