It is believed in the West that logic began with Aristotle, and that logic is universal. The core of Western thought—including present-day formal mathematics and the philosophy of science—is premised on the belief that logical truths are universal, that they are necessary truths, and that logical deduction is certain and infallible. These beliefs about logic however are untenable, both historic...

In section one I outline the project of Armstrong‟s book Truth and Truthmakers. In section two I make some observations about the relation of this project to various theories of truth and to realism. In section three I present Armstrong‟s response to one of the toughest challenges to his thesis that every truth has a truthmaker: the challenge of finding truthmakers for negative truths and gener...