Purpose Short-sea shipping (SSS) plays an important role in regional transportation networks by supporting trade and improving inter-modality. In particular, countries north-east Asia, such as China, South Korea Japan have been served well local SSS services. While markets Northeast Asia (NEA) developed bilateral routes with sub-markets, the market structure of each sub-markets varies depending...

The land-use mix index is a way to quantify the mixture of patterns. Due practical limitations, few studies have highlighted validity indices. This paper aims explore potential characteristics indices using three-step screening method. data precision was concluded after first-step screening. A total 10 virtual blocks and 217 in Melbourne city center served as case study reflected various struct...

background : inequality in households’ payments on food and health expenditures presents the accessibility and utili-zation patterns between them. this study investigated the iranian rural and urban households’ inequality in payments on food and out-of-pocket health expenditures from 1998 to 2012. methods : this descriptive study was conducted through the analysis of iranian statistics centre d...

Consumer search is analysed in a cross-sector study of six markets in the US, Germany and UK using online panel data. Two constructs are used to measure the search process: the consideration set and use of price comparison engines. The consideration sets range from 2.3 to 3.1 in the US, from 2.3 to 2.6 in Germany and from 2.6 to 3.2 in the UK, regardless of the use of price comparison engines. ...

In this paper we study a behavioral model of conflict that provides a basis for choosing certain indices of dispersion as indicators for conflict. We show that the (equilibrium) level of conflict can be expressed as an (approximate) linear function of the Gini coefficient, the Herfindahl-Hirschman fractionalization index, and a specific measure of polarization due to Esteban and Ray. JEL-Classi...

In this paper we develop a measure of competition based on management’s disclosures in their 10-K filing and find that firms’ rates of diminishing marginal returns on new and existing investment vary significantly with our measure. We show that these firm-level disclosures are related to existing industry-level measures of disclosure (e.g. Herfindahl index), but capture something distinctly new...

We study gatekeeping physicians' referrals of patients to specialty care. We derive theoretical results when competition in the physician market intensifies. First, due to competitive pressure, physicians refer patients to specialty care more often. Second, physicians earn more by treating patients themselves, so refer patients to specialty care less often. We assess empirically the overall eff...

We investigate mergers in markets where quality differences between products are central and firms may reposition their product lines by adding or removing of different qualities following a merger. Such materially from those studied the existing literature. Mergers without synergies exhibit product-mix effect which raises consumer surplus, but only when pre-merger industry structure satisfies ...