OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or pregestational diabetes mellitus (PDM). Smoking has been associated positively with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in experimental studies, although the association with diabetes remains unclear. To further explore this issue, we examined the association with smoking in the larg...

Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich proteins, which have been implicated in regulation of physiological processes, such as cell growth, repair, differentiation, apoptosis and immunoregulation, as well as in the protection against heavy metals, oxidant damages, inflammation and other stressful conditions. To investigate their roles in physiological and detoxification processes at the matern...

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is from the uterus that longer than usual or occurs at an irregular time, affecting 20% of adolescent age group, and 50% women aged 40-50 years in Indonesia. The causes AUB are pregnancy, anovulatory dysfunction, leiomyoma, endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, carcinoma. This study aims to compare accuracy Saline Infusion Sonohysterography (SIS), hyster...

most fetal heart rate patterns can be interpreted accurately so that management decisions can be made correctly. how-ever, few fetal heart rate patterns are so ambiguous that the obstetricians cannot interpret them precisely. a 27-year-old woman at 38 weeks' gestation in her first pregnancy was admitted with heavy vaginal bleeding and decrease in fetal movements. fetal status was indeterminate ...

Smoking affects women’s health and increases their risk for some diseases. Women who smoke have problems with the reproductive system, if women are pregnant a high fetal, neonatal consequences on health. Quitting smoking at any time during pregnancy improves condition of mother baby. This study aims to identify level knowledge about effects aged between 1545 years. is cross-sectional was implem...

introduction weight in delivery is simplest and current health indication for assessment infant statues in each country.  purpose of this study is assessment correlation to unplan pregnancy and low birth weight in new infants also some key factors influencing on low birth weight. materials and methods in this study 838 pregnant mothers in two group wanted and unwanted performed. this study is d...

A in 1968, Lemoine and drinking during pregnancy; the duration was considered the risky period—when colleagues (1968) informed the of the fetus’ exposure; and whether, if exposure might lead to birth defects— scientific and medical commu­ the fetus is exposed early in gestation, it whereas exposure during the later part of nity of alcohol’s potential as a makes any difference to the outcome if ...