It is usually assumed that ‘fire hardening’ the tips of spears, as practised by hunter–gatherers and early Homo spp., makes them harder and better suited for hunting. This suggestion was tested by subjecting coppiced poles of hazel to a fire-hardening process and comparing their mechanical properties to those of naturally seasoned poles. A Shore D hardness test showed that fire treatment slight...

Through this study, it has been possible to establish an accurate prediction of the physical characteristics, biogeographical origin, and genealogical ancestry a previously obscured historical figure: The Princess Lady Leonor Castile (1256–1275), one legitimate daughters Spanish King Alfonso X “The Wise”. genetic analysis External Visible Characteristics in mummified remains attributed allowed ...