BACKGROUND The serological diagnosis of avian influenza (AI) can be performed using different methods, yet the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is considered the 'gold standard' for AI antibody subtyping. Although alternative diagnostic assays have been developed, in most cases, their accuracy has been evaluated in comparison with HI test results, whose performance for poultry has not bee...

The presence of filamentous appendages distinct from flagella was first discovered in electron microscope preparations by Anderson (1949) and Houwink and van Iterson (1950). Duguid, Smith, Dempster, and Edmunds (1955) confirmed the existence of these structures and suggested the name 'fimbriae' for them; others have called them 'cilia' (Pershina and Vasilieva, 1960) and 'pili' (Brinton, 1959). ...

Abstract There is limited knowledge of influenza‐specific immune responses and their kinetics in critically ill patients. We investigated humoral cellular after critical influenza A/H1N1 infection hypothesized that dysfunctionality or absence could contribute to more severe illness. followed 12 patients hospitalized with infection; the majority admitted intensive care unit (ICU). Blood samples ...