The fifth and sixth centuries (AH) were brilliant periods in the scientific development of the Islamic societies. Shiite scholars also participated in this process. Shiite elites, based on their jurisprudential frameworks and adopting moderation policy, have played roles in various levels of the government. They have taken important steps in the fields of knowledge (education, educating student...

Background and objectives: With the epidemic of coronavirus, based on the content of some hadiths, including the famous hadith "La'Adwi", and combining and comparing it with some teachings of traditional medicine, some appearanceists declared that all diseases are non-contagion. This attitude was in opposition to modern medicine and in denial of the spread of infectious diseases, which resulted...

For representation of idealogy of dominating social institutions, news media rebuild and represent reality in a manner which show legitimation for «us» groups and delegitimation for «other» groups. Significance and sensitivity of the Middle East crises made writers of this research to survey all kinds of delegitimation of Iran and Shiite by utilizing analytical– descriptive method and according...