Ball Grid Array packages in which I/O pins are arranged in a grid array pattern realize a number of connections between chips and a printed circuit board, but it takes much time in manual routing. We propose a fast routing method for 2-layer Ball Grid Array packages to support designers. Our method obtains a via assignment which distributes wires evenly on top layer and has high completion rati...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) is a valuable magnetic resonance imaging technique for studying ventricular biomechanics. In order to track the intersection points of the stripes to calculate regional wall motion and strain, the stripe spacing should be at most half the wall thickness, yet sufficiently larger than the image pixel size in order that the strip...

introduction: diode laser irradiation has recently shown promising results for treatment of gingival pigmentation. this study sought to compare the efficacy of 2 diode laser irradiation protocols for treatment of gingival pigmentations, namely the conventional method and the sieve method. methods: in this split-mouth clinical trial, 15 patients with gingival pigmentation were selected and their...

In BIS-Grid, a BMBF-funded project in the context of the German D-Grid initiative (http://www.d-grid.de), we focus on employing Grid technologies for information systems integration. The goal is to enable small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to integrate heterogeneous business information systems and to use external Grid resources and services with reasonable effort. To achieve this goal, we dev...

In the maximum scatter traveling salesman problem the objective is to find a tour that maximizes the shortest distance between any two consecutive nodes. This model can be applied to manufacturing processes, particularly laser melting processes. We extend an algorithm by Arkin et al. that yields optimal solutions for nodes on a line to a regular m×n-grid. The new algorithm Weave(m,n) takes line...

A method for assessing and optimizing the feedback level in a transistor-grid oscillator is presented. Based on the approximate large-signal S-parameters of the transistor, an equivalent circuit model for the grid is synthesized for maximum oscillator power. The resulting circuit serves as a convenient benchmark for determining the level of feedback for a given grid. Experimental results are pr...