In a 2014 paper in Theory and Research in Education, Howard Curzer and colleagues critique the Defining Issues Test of moral judgment development according to eight criteria that are described as difficulties any measure of educational outcomes must address. This article highlights how Curzer et al. do not consult existing empirical evidence, misunderstand the model and method associated with t...

This study focused on the effect of transcribing task, as a noticing activity, on EFL learners’ grammatical accuracy. For 20 sessions, oral discussion tasks were assigned to 2 intermediate adult EFL classrooms, with 1 class serving as the control group and the other as the experimental group. For this purpose, the learners were divided into groups of 3 or 4 in each class. Learners in both group...

In this study we investigate the effect of age of acquisition (AoA) on grammatical processing in second language learners as measured by event-related brain potentials (ERPs). We compare a traditional analysis involving the calculation of averages across a certain time window of the ERP waveform, analyzed with categorical groups (early vs. late), with a generalized additive modeling analysis, w...

     Today, everything has changed and this has brought a need for learning a second language. Most countries across the world use English as their second/foreign language and the fundamental part of this process is grammar, i.e., the combination of sound, structure, and meaning system of language. A sentence can be composed of several words, clauses, as well as grammatical rules. These grammat...

The current study was an attempt to investigate the impact of grouping type on the grammatical accuracy of Iranian EFL learners in collaborative writing. Through administering the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency, 64 female university students available participated in this study and were assigned to two groups--heterogeneous and homogeneous. The treatment process lasted 12 weeks o...

Lee, Junkyu. 2013. Grammatical category and L2 lexical representation. Linguistic Research 30(1), 19-32. Despite a wide range of L2 vocabulary research to date, relatively little attention is paid to a fundamental inquiry such as L2 lexical representation. Provided that the changes in L2 learners’ behavioral patterns are correlated with those in the internal mechanism, an investigation into the...

■ A direct investigation into the grammatical abilities of Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasics sought to obtain critical evidence for a revised model of the functional neuroanatomy of language. We examined aphasics’ ability to make grammaticality judgments on a set of theoretically selected, highly complex syntactic structures that involve, most prominently, ane violations of constraints on syntact...

R.F. Bornstein (1994) questioned whether subliminal mere exposure effects might generalize to structurally related stimuli, thereby providing evidence for the existence of implicit learning. Two experiments examined this claim using letter string stimuli constructed according to the rules of an artificial grammar. Experiment 1 demonstrated that brief, masked exposure to grammatical strings impa...