PURPOSE This research investigated the expository language skills of young school-age children with the ultimate aim of obtaining normative data for clinical practice. Specifically, this study examined (a) the level of expository language performance of 6- and 7-year-old children with typical development and (b) age-related differences between young and older school-age children. METHOD Expos...

Human communication is naturally multimodal, and substantial focus has examined the semantic correspondences in speech-gesture and text-image relationships. However, visual narratives, like those in comics, provide an interesting challenge to multimodal communication because the words and/or images can guide the overall meaning, and both modalities can appear in complicated "grammatical" sequen...

There is a longstanding debate about how to appropriately model the combinability of affixes, especially English suffixes. One widely accepted principle is the notion of so-called selectional restrictions, i.e. grammatical requirements of particular affixes. For example, the suffix -ness can only combine with adjectival bases. Hay (2002) proposed a psycholinguistic approach to affix ordering no...

This article outlines an emergentist account whereby the limited end-state typical of adult second language learners results from dynamic cycles of language use, language change, language perception, and language learning in the interactions of members of language communities. In summary, the major processes are: 1. Usage leads to change : High frequency use of grammatical functors causes their...

Korean is a morphologically rich language in which grammatical functions are marked by inflections and affixes, and they can indicate grammatical relations such as subject, object, predicate, etc. A Korean sentence could be thought as a sequence of eojeols. An eojeol is a word or its variant word form agglutinated with grammatical affixes, and eojeols are separated by white space as in English ...

According to unconscious thought theory (UTT), unconscious thought is more adept at complex decision-making than is conscious thought. Related research has mainly focused on the complexity of decision-making tasks as determined by the amount of information provided. However, the complexity of the rules generating this information also influences decision making. Therefore, we examined whether u...

The paper provides linguistic observations as a motivation for a formal study of an analysis by reduction. It concentrates on a study of the whole mechanism through a class of restarting automata with meta-instructions using pebbles, with delete and shift operations (DSautomata). Four types of (in)finite sets defined by these automata are considered as linguistically relevant: basic languages o...

Advanced L2 written production assessment is difficult to quantify as are learning goals established for this competence in the same level. Correction not enough. Quality writing expected translate into lexical precision and richness, well sentence complexity. In order measure these characteristics of sophisticated writing, Idea Density Grammatical Complexity proposed parameters they were explo...

AbstractGrammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since original proposal, many enhancements have proposed to GE order address some its main issues improve performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation mapping mechan...

This paper focusses on grammatical productivity as constitutive property of a model of dynamic morphology (in contrast to overlapping static morphology, which is unproductive). Grammatical productivity is located in the potential system of grammar (here exemplified with inflectional morphology) as opposed to type frequency belonging to the level of language as social institution and to token fr...