In view of the fast development of MEMS technology, the quick reduction of MEMS sensor cost, and the continuous improvements in MEMS sensor accuracy, MEMS based INS have become an increasingly important geospatial sensor in navigation, positioning and control applications. It is believed that MEMS INS could eventually replace the conventional INS sensors in middle to lower end applications. How...

ELFORSK iv Foreword The development of liberalized electricity markets around the world is, partly, an experiment of applied market theory with uncertain outcome. For this new paradigm to benefit customers thru efficient supply of electricity, we need increased and better knowledge on how competitive electricity markets really work and how to solve the problems that might occur. One crucial iss...

The creation and delivery of power is one basic infrastructure expected by all modern industrial societies. Power distribution basics started in the US in the early 1900s when the first AC grid was established. Since 12 independent power grids were completed in the lower 48 states in the mid-1950s, reliability has been a customer concern. Parts of these earlier grids have been updated, and four...

Many developing countries in Africa face a “double tragedy” when it comes to electrification. Electricity access rates are low, while those who have electricity frequent outages. There ongoing efforts aimed at increasing on the continent. However, need improve reliability of supply receives limited attention. Unreliable impacts users by limiting utilization and benefits that should accrue from ...

Power outages (PO) constitute a serious problem around the world that disrupts our lives in the most unexpected ways. There were 3, 634 power outages reported in 2014, affecting 14.2 million people [3], and over the period of 2008-2014 the US has averaged 2, 987 outages affecting 21.6 million people per year, leading to estimated losses in excess of $150 billion annually [3]. To address this pr...

Domestic renewable energy systems, including photovoltaic energy generation, as well as local storage, are becoming increasingly popular and economically feasible, but do come with a wide range of options. Hence, it can be difficult to match their specification to specific customer’s needs. Next to the usage-specific demand profiles and location-specific production profiles, local energy storag...

The planning and scheduling of the operations involved in the outages of nuclear power plants has a great impact in terms of the outage costs (replacement power, labor cost, etc.), use of scarce resources and implementation of safety procedures. Prior to 1979, before the accident at Three Mile Island (TMI), refueling was the driving factor of outages of nuclear power plants: maintenance plans w...

Direct georeferencing, also referred to as direct platform orientation (DPO), is defined as direct measurement of the imaging sensor external orientation parameters (EOP), using positioning and orientation sensors, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) or Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Imaging sensors, most frequently supported by the DPO technique, ...