Atypical glomeruli (AtG) are clearly distinguishable from typical ones because of their strong cholinergic innervation. AtG are located in defined positions in the caudal half of the main olfactory bulb of rodents. The AtG partially overlap with other specialized olfactory subsystems, such as the modified glomerular complex, which is close to the accessory olfactory bulb. So far, possible sex d...

It is known since 1996 that mouse odorant receptors (ORs) are involved in determining the positions of the sites of coalescence of axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)-the thousands of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. But the molecular and cellular mechanisms of OR-mediated axonal coalescence into glomeruli remain unclear. A model was proposed in 2006-2009 whereby OR-derived cAMP signals, ...

In the mouse, axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that express the same odorant receptor (OR) gene coalesce into one or a few glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. The positions of OR-specific glomeruli are traditionally described as stereotyped. Here, we have assessed quantitatively the positions of OR-specific glomeruli using serial two-photon tomography, an automated method for whole-organ ...

Because information regarding neural and sensory functions of ticks is scarce, the aim present study was to ascertain neuronal projection patterns olfactory sensilla from Haller’s organ lobes synganglion in Amblyomma sculptum adults. Additionally, perform three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction glomeruli lobes. Unfed female male adults this tick species were immobilized, sectioned, nerves labelle...

The expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the olfactory bulb was compared between two mouse strains, CD-1 and BALB/c, that differ in the connectivity within their olfactory glomeruli, their content of tyrosine hydroxylase, and their response to olfactory deafferentation. Labelled cells were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by both immunohistochemistry for NOS and histochemistry ...

Odours are represented as unique combinations of activated glomeruli in the antennal lobes of insects. Receptor neurons arborizing in the glomeruli are not only qualitatively selective, but in addition respond to variations in stimulus concentration. As each glomerulus likely represents a single receptor neuron type, optical recordings of calcium changes in insect antennal lobes show how concen...

We examined the possibility that renal glomerular and cortical tubular tissue has lipoxygenase activity in addition to the well established cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. Homogenized rat kidney glomeruli, in the presence of meclofenamate (33 PM) and divalent cation ionophore A23187 (3 PM), metabolized octatritiated arachidonic acid to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and...

Understanding how odors are encoded in the brain is of fundamental importance to neurobiology. The first two stages of olfactory information processing have been relatively well studied in both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the organizational principles of higher order olfactory representations remain poorly understood. Neurons in the first relay of the olfactory system segregate into...

Although modern baleen whales (Mysticeti) retain a functional olfactory system that includes olfactory bulbs, cranial nerve I and olfactory receptor genes, their olfactory capabilities have been reduced to a great degree. This reduction likely occurred as a selective response to their fully aquatic lifestyle. The glomeruli that occur in the olfactory bulb can be divided into two non-overlapping...

Digital three dimensional standard brain atlases (SBAs) are valuable tools for integrating neuroimaging data of different preparations. In insects, SBAs of five species are available, including the atlas of the female Heliothis virescens moth brain. Like for the other species, the antennal lobes (ALs) of the moth brain atlas were integrated as one material identity without internal structures. ...