Recently observed rates of environmental change are typically much higher than those inferred for the geological past. At the same time, the magnitudes of ancient changes were often substantially greater than those established in recent history. The most pertinent disparity, however, between recent and geological rates is the timespan over which the rates are measured, which typically differ by...

Ninety-six particulate matter (PM10) chemical source profiles for geological sources in typical cities of southwest China were acquired from Source Profile Shared Service in China. Twenty-six elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Be, Tl and Pb), nine ions (F−, Cl−, SO4, NO3, Na+, NH4, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+), and carbon-containing species...

Three-dimensional computer modelling of geological phenomena is rapidly emerging as a field within the already mushrooming science of computer visualization. In geological applications three-dimensional interpretations are routinely performed through the use of two-dimensional map data and knowledge about the geological history of an area. These interpretations are traditionally depicted with i...

In the history of geology there have been two discoveries, plate tectonics and geological time, which have literally defined the way geologists view the earth. By geological time we mean the understanding that the universe has existed for countless millennia, such that man’s earthly dominion is confined to the last milliseconds of the metaphorical geological clock. The influence of geological t...

In the history of geology there have been two discoveries, plate tectonics and geological time, which have literally defined the way geologists view the earth. By geological time we mean the understanding that the universe has existed for countless millennia, such that man’s earthly dominion is confined to the last milliseconds of the metaphorical geological clock . The influence of geological ...

The Chamshir water conveyance tunnel (CWCT) with a length of 7.4 km and boring diameter of 5.3 m is excavated using a refurbished single shield TBM, initially designed to work in hard rock formations. This study focuses on engineering geological issues, which are important for checking the suitability of this machine and proposing required modifications for improving its performance in soft roc...

This chapter will summarize the historical development of geology and in particular the development of the modern uniformitarian view of the geological record and the millions-of-years time-scale. The important proponents of old-earth thinking (including Werner, Smith, Hutton, Cuvier, and Lyell) along with some of the opponents of this view as it was developing (the scriptural geologists) will ...