The divergent genital morphology observed among closely related animal species has long been posited as a mechanism of reproductive isolation. Despite the intuitive appeal that rapidly evolving genitalia might cause speciation, evidence for its importance-or even its potential-in reproductive isolation is mixed. Most tests of genital structural isolation between species often fail to find convi...

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often play other central roles in communities, such as attending childbirths. Increasingly, FGM is also performed by health care providers. However, FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. The study investigates a broad cross-cultural study...

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) atacamensis, a new species in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus, is described and validated using morphological characters of the male and female adult, male genitalia and immature stages. Molecular characterization employing sequences of the ITS2 rDNA and COI mtDNA are provided. The new taxon is compared with Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi) from central Chil...

Two new mosquito species belonging to the Hyrcanus Group, Anopheles (Anopheles) belenrae Rueda and An. (Ano.) kleini Rueda, are described from the Republic of South Korea, with illustrations of the larvae, pupae, adults, and male genitalia.

Bregmosina, a new genus of Limosininae (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae), is described on the basis of five new species from Central and South America. The genus is characterized by a broad head, swollen face, large oral cavity, a single pair of very large cruciate interfrontal bristles, short, broad fore tarsomeres and swollen hind tarsomeres one and two. The unusual male genitalia, including a longit...

Based on examination of type specimens a crane fly species Tipula (Vestiplex) hugueniniana Alexander, 1971 is proposed as junior synonym of Tipula (V.) wahlgrenana Alexander, 1968. The new synonymy is based on similarity of male genitalia.

Chinese species in the genus Nycheuma Fennah, 1964a (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae: Delphacinae: Delphacini) are revised to include three species: Nycheumacognatum (Muir, 1917), Nycheumadimorpha (Matsumura, 1910) and Nycheumanilotica Linnavuori, 1973. Nycheumacoctum Yang, 1989 is placed in synonymy with Nycheumanilotica Linnavuori, 1973. Nycheumadimorpha (Matsumura, 1910) is newly recor...

Neobelocera medogensis sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae: Delphacinae: Tropidocephalini) is described and illustrated from Mȇdog, Tibet, China. The new species can be easily separated from other known species in the genus Neobelocera by the color of tegmina and the form of the male genitalia. A key for separation of all known species of Neobelocera is also provided.

Five new species of the genus Cnemomis Stål, 1859 are described: C. kondratieffi from Brazil and French Guyana, C. lepida from French Guyana, C. nigroscutellata from Brazil, C. primigena from Peru, and C. refulgens from Venezuela. New distributional records for some previously known species are added. Dorsal view photographs and a key for the 13 known species are included. The male genital caps...