Background: Populations of Magnaporthe, the causal agent of rice blast disease, are pathotypically and genetically diverse and therefore their interaction with different rice cultivars and also antagonistic microorganisms are very complicated. Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to characterize phylogenetic relationships of 114 native  Magnaporthe strains, isolated from rice a...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is routinely used to engineer desirable genes into dicotyledonous plants. However, the economically important graminaceous plant maize is refractory to tumor induction by inoculation with virulent strains of A. tumefaciens. Currently, the only clearcut evidence for transferred DNA (T-DNA) transport from Agrobacterium to maize comes from agroinfection. To study T-DNA tr...

Cationic liposome transfection reagents are useful for transferring polynucleotides into cells, and have been proposed for human pulmonary gene therapy. The effect of adding cholesterol to cationic lipid preparations has been tested by first formulating the cationic lipid N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxy)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl ammonium iodide (DORI) with varying amounts of dioleoylphos...

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) catalyzes phosphorylation and inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Two isoforms of this mitochondrial kinase (PDK2 and PDK4) are induced in a tissue-specific manner in response to starvation and diabetes. Inactivation of PDC by increased PDK activity promotes gluconeogenesis by conserving three-carbon substrates. This helps maintain gluco...

the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative escherichia coli strains and antibiotic resistance of the isolates in raw milk and unpasteurized cheese. out of 200 samples of raw milk and 50 samples of unpasteurized cheeses, 96 and 24 strains of e. coli were isolated, respectively. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect the genes encodi...

This research introduces a framework for selecting efficient inter-unit structures in facilitating the transfer of knowledge with different levels of complexity. We argue that while boundary spanner structure is efficient for transferring discrete knowledge, it is inadequate for transferring collectively held complex knowledge. We propose that the transfer of such knowledge requires a more dece...

There has been a great development in Wireless GIS (WGIS) new century. Spatial data transferring and storage in GIS is developed from wired to wireless network. This paper first briefly introduces the technologies and strategies of spatial data transferring and storing in distributed Wireless GIS. Second, the schemes of spatial data transferring modes in wireless GIS for improving the network t...

Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC) and Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC) are the two major types of indigenous chickens in Nigeria. They subsist under traditional Animal husbandry and are thus liable to indiscriminate mating and consequently to loss of genetic diversity. Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC) and Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC) were investigated to determine genetic variation at transferrin locus ...

Current molecular cloning strategies generally lack inter-compatibility, are not strictly modular, or applicable to engineer multi-gene expression vectors for transient and stable integration. A standardized platform would advance research, example, by promoting exchange of between groups. Here, we present a versatile plasmid architecture mammalian synthetic biology, which designate VAMSyB, con...

Variation present in vegetables provides plentiful of opportunity for development breeding lines and hybrids. Germplasm depends on incorporation approaches such as MAGIC population, use wild relatives, genetic transformation transferring resistance gene pyramiding. These are most reliable to improve qualitative well quantitative characters. Since conventional methods time consuming, molecular t...