Arvind Subramanian has been a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics since April 2007. He also holds a joint appointment at the Center for Global Development and is a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. He served at the International Monetary Fund from 1992 to 2007, most recently as assistant director in the research department (2004–07). He worked at...

3. In the fifty years preceding the Doha ministerial conference, there have been eight rounds of negotiations. After the establishment of the GATT in 1948, there were six rounds of tariff-cutting negotiations. This was followed by the first successful attack on non-tariff barriers in the Tokyo Round negotiations, launched in 1973, and in 1993, by the completion of the Uruguay Round, launched in...

COMMERCIAL POLICY VARIABILITY, BINDINGS, AND MARKET ACCESS Joseph F. Francois and Will Martin Protection unconstrained by rules often varies substantially over time. Rules-based disciplines, like OECD industrial tariff bindings negotiated under GATT since 1947 and new Uruguay Round bindings on agricultural and services trade and on developing country industrial tariffs, constrain this variabili...