The turkey sperm glycocalyx is known to contain residues of sialic acid, alpha-mannose/alpha-glucose, alpha- and beta-galactose, alpha-fucose, alpha- and beta-N-acetyl-galactosamine, monomers and dimers of N-acetyl-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-lactosamine. Potential changes in these carbohydrates during in vitro semen storage at 4 degrees C were evaluated using males of both high- and low-sperm-mo...

(-)-Galanthamine has been synthesised using an efficient ninestep procedure, which in large scale affords 12.4 (6.7-19.1)% overall yield. The process improvements and optimization of each step are described. Notable steps include (i) an oxidative phenol coupling and (ii) crystallisation-induced chiral conversion of (()-narwedine to (-)-narwedine. This is a practical and cost-effective synthesis...

Recombinant fusion proteins containing arthropod toxins have been developed as a new class of biopesticides. The recombinant fusion protein Hv1a/GNA, containing the spider venom toxin ω-ACTX-Hv1a linked to snowdrop lectin (GNA) was shown to reduce survival of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae when delivered in artificial diet, with survival <10% after 8 days exposure to fusion protein at 1 ...

Four main sources of the hazards of GMO are discussed by scientists worldwide: 1) those due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2) unintended effects inherent to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; and 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination as well as by horizontal gene transfer (World Scientists' Stat...

Many members of the monocot mannose-binding lectin family, characterized by specificity towards mannose have been characterized and cloned. A majority of these lectins molecules contain 1-4 polypeptides of about 110 residues each. From the previously solved crystal structures of a few such lectins, mostly from non-edible plants, these lectins are thought to possess a common β-prism II fold stru...

Two new mannose-binding lectins were isolated from garlic (Allium satiuum, ASA) and ramsons (All&m ursinum, AUA) bulbs, of the family Alliaceae, by affinity chromatography on immobilized mannose. The carbohydrate-binding specificity of these two lectins was studied by quantitative precipitation and hapten-inhibition assay. ASA reacted strongly with a synthetic linear (1 --$ 3)a-o-mannan and S. ...

The global loss of biodiversity is among the most urgent environmental problems our time, threatening to compromise stability and functioning ecosystems (Barnosky et al., 2012; Ceballos 2015; Dirzo 2014). Ongoing conservation efforts require an accurate understanding spatiotemporal patterns their change over time (Chapman & Busby, 1994). Deficiencies in both quality availability data currently ...

22 The development of a successful vaccine against HIV-1 likely requires 23 immunogens that elicit both broadly neutralizing antibodies against envelope 24 spikes and T cell responses that recognize multiple viral proteins. HIV-1 virus like 25 particles (VLP), because they display authentic envelope spikes on the particle 26 surface, may be developed into such immunogens. However, in one way or...