The goal of this study was to prepare and characterize alginate microspheres as an antigen delivery system and adjuvant for immunization against leishmaniasis. Microspheres encapsulated with autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) and Quillaja saponin (QS) were prepared by an emulsification technique and characterized for size, encapsulation efficiency and release profile of encapsulate...

Objective(s): The Botulism syndrome is caused by types A to G of botulinum neurotoxins. The binding domains of these neurotoxins are immunogenic and considered as appropriate candidate vaccines. Due to the low immunogenicity of recombinant vaccines, there have been many studies on the use of biocompatible carriers such as chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of these vaccines. The aim of thi...

Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen of cattle causing several clinical syndromes. There are usually no pathognomonic clinical signs of BVDV infection. Diagnostic investigations therefore rely on serological detection and virus isolation. Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) as immunogenic protein of BVDV is genetically and antigenically conserved among different isolates....

Objective(s):Development of new generation of vaccines against leishmaniasis is possible because long-term protection is usually seen after recovery from cutaneous leishmaniasis. ISCOMATRIX is particulate antigen delivery system composed of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin. In this study, the role of ISCOMATRIX bilayer composition made by different phase transition temperature (Tc...

COVID-19, the infectious pandemic disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This deadly was unknown before its catastrophic outbreak of infection in Wuhan city China, December 2019. The situation has increased demand rapid enhancement in-vitro diagnostic assays which would enable mass screening and testing. Several molecular serological diagnostics such ...

Resistance to immunotherapy is due in some instances the acquired stealth mechanisms of tumor cells that lose expression MHC class I antigen–presenting molecules or downregulate their antigen–presentation pathways. Most dramatically, biallelic ?2-microglobulin (B2M) loss leads complete and invisibility CD8 + T cells. antigen presentation are potently upregulated by interferon-? (IFN?) a manner ...

Background: Cationic immune stimulating complexes (PLUSCOMs) are particulate antigen delivery systems. PLUSCOMs consist of cationic immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) derivatives and are able to elicit in vivo T cell responses against an antigen. Objective: To evaluate the effects of PLUSCOMs containing Leishmaniamajor antigens (SLA) on the type of immune response generated in the murine mod...

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in resistance against leishmaniasis. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction measured by skin testing is a practical method of evaluation of CMI and is used as an aid to diagnosis and for epidemiological assessment of exposure to leishmanial infection. Skin testing in leishmaniasis, generally known as Montenegro or leishmanin test, r...