An AG-groupoid is a non-associative algebraic structure mid way between a groupoid and a commutative semigroup. The left identity in an AGgroupoid if exists is unique [9]. An AG-groupoid is non-associative and non-commutative algebraic structure, nevertheless, it posses many interesting properties which we usually find in associative and commutative algebraic structures. An AG-groupoid with rig...

Using mid-infrared and radio criteria, we select a sample of candidate z ∼ 2 obscured quasars. Optical spectroscopy confirms about half of these as type-2 quasars, and modelling the population suggests 50-80% of the quasars are obscured. We find some flat radio spectrum type-2 quasars, and tentative evidence for obscuration unrelated to the torus. Using a similar sample, we also find evidence f...

The concepts of fuzzy e-open sets and fuzzy e-continuous are introduced and studied in fuzzifying topology and by making use of these concepts, we introduce and study T e 0 -, R e 0-, T e 1 -, R e 1-, T e 2 -, T e 3 -, T e 4 -, strong T e 3 and strong T e 4 separation axioms in fuzzifying topology and give some of their characterizations as well as the relations of these axioms and other separa...

Subsethood A ⊆ B and set equality A = B are among the basic notions of set theory. For traditional (“crisp”) sets, every element a either belongs to a set A or it does not belong to A, and for every two sets A and B, either A ⊆ B or A 6⊆ B. To describe commonsense and expert reasoning, it is advantageous to use fuzzy sets in which for each element a, there is a degree μA(a) ∈ [0, 1] to which a ...

In this paper we present a different framework for the study of fuzzy finite machines and their fuzzy languages. Unlike the previous work on fuzzy languages, characterized by fuzzification at the level of their acceptors/generators, here we follow a top-down approach by starting our fuzzification with more abstract entities: monoids and particular families in monoids. Moreover, we replace the u...

In this paper, we take a GL-quantale as the truth value table to study a new rough set model—L-valued fuzzy rough sets. The three key components of this model are: an L-fuzzy set A as the universal set, an L-valued relation of A and an L-fuzzy set of A (a fuzzy subset of fuzzy sets). Then L-valued fuzzy rough sets are completely characterized via both constructive and axiomatic approaches. 

In this paper, we show that bilattices are robust mathematical structures that provide a natural accommodation to, and bridge between, intuitionistic fuzzy sets and interval-valued fuzzy sets. In this way, we resolve the controversy surrounding the formal equivalence of these two models, and open up the path for a new tradition for representing positive and negative information in fuzzy set the...

In this paper we look at two categories, the category F of fuzzy subsets and a quotient category F=M of fuzzy sets. The category F=M is an extension of the category of sets, and the standard constructions in fuzzy set theory arise naturally within this category.