In epidemiologic studies of two binary exposure factors, much attention has been given to the concept of synergism of the factors. The leading dictionary of epidemiology offers two definitions of synergism, one of which this author labels statistical and the other biologic. The epidemiologic literature has been largely concerned with statistical synergism, which is typically measured using addi...

An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(4):584-95. Dear editor, Pemphigus is an autoimmune bullous disease that can affect the skin and mucous membranes, mediated by autoantibodies against desmosomal desmogleins, the main adhesion structures Marina Zoega Hayashida1 Jhonatan Rafael Siqueira Pinheiro1 Milvia Maria Simões e Silva Enokihara2 Mônica Ribeiro de Azevedo Vasconcellos1 t Biologic therapy-induced pemp...

Inefficient cellular delivery limits the landscape of macromolecular drugs. Boronic acids readily form boronate esters with the 1,2- and 1,3-diols of saccharides, such as those that coat the surface of mammalian cells. Here pendant boronic acids are shown to enhance the cytosolic delivery of a protein toxin. Thus, boronates are a noncationic carrier that can deliver a polar macromolecule into m...

New biologic activities of platelets continue to be discovered, indicating that concepts of platelet function in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation require reconsideration as new paradigms evolve. Studies done over 3 decades ago demonstrated that mature circulating platelets have protein synthetic capacity, but it was thought to be low level and inconsequential. In contrast, recent discov...

We explore the boundary shared by biology and formal systems.

with due attention to the conditions of climate in beyranshahr (lorestan). and for controlling about fair recommend , date of planting , also determining about the fair way of adornment , of planting , in other words , accumulation of desired crucible in hectare unit for  k.s.c 647 digit . this plan based on the way split factorial in the model of random blocks, four repeat, in village of golla...

INTRODUCTION This study aimed to describe treatment changes (discontinuation, switching, and therapy add-on) following the initiation of biologic or nonbiologic oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. METHODS Adult patients with ≥2 PsA diagnoses from physician office visits, initiated on a biologic or nonbiologic oral DMARD, were selected fro...

OBJECTIVE To compare discontinuation rates of first and second biologics in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by tumour-necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) status and identify predictors and reasons for discontinuation. METHODS From 1998 to 2011, self-reported medication use for RA was assessed every 6 months via questionnaire in a longitudinal study in the USA. Time-on-drug analyses were conducted for ...

The dynamic clamp introduces artificial conductances into cells to simulate electrical coupling, votage-dependent, leak, and synaptic conductances. This review describes how the dynamic clamp has been used to address various questions in the cardiac, endocrine, and nervous systems.

Let F be a multifunction with values in Lp(Ω, X). In this note, we study which regularity properties of F are preserved when we consider the decomposable hull of F .