The development of a stable influenza subunit vaccine in the dry state was investigated. The influence of various carbohydrates, buffer types and freezing rates on the integrity of haemagglutinin after freeze-thawing or freeze-drying was investigated with a range of analytical and immunological methods. The use of fast freezing, Hepes buffer and carbohydrates (trehalose, inulin or dextran) as c...

the cold climate is a favorable parameter for the development of tension cracks and decrease of rock brittleness. therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the hamekasi porous limestone in order to predict the brittleness indices during freeze-thaw cycles. the freeze–thaw test was executed for one cycle including 16 h of freezing, and 8 h of thawing. the geo mechanical properties and brittl...

This research explored the effects of biochar on slope runoff and sediment transport processes hydrodynamic mechanism rill erosion under seasonal freeze–thaw climate in black soil area Northeast China. The four slopes 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 7.2° were set, corn straw was used, three contents 0 kg m−2 (B0 treatment), 6 (B6 treatment) 12 (B12 applied. experimental plot placed outdoors to simulate cycle slo...

The thermodynamic behavior of asphalt mixtures is critical to the engineers since it directly relates to the damage in asphalt mixtures. However, most of the current research of the freeze-thaw damage of asphalt mixtures is focused on the bulk body from the macroscale and lacks a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic behaviors of asphalt mixtures from the microscale perspective. In thi...

A freeze-thaw cycle to -12 degrees C induced several physical and compositional changes in the microsomal membranes isolated from crown tissue of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Frederick). Exposing 7-day-old, nonacclimated seedlings to a single freeze-thaw cycle prevented regrowth of the crown and resulted in increased membrane semipermeability. The phospholipid and protein content of mi...

The terrestrial cryosphere comprises cold areas of Earth’s land surface where water is either permanently or seasonally frozen. This includes most regions north of 40 degrees North latitude and most mountainous regions where elevation is greater than 1000m [1]. Permafrost is ground that perennially at or below 0 throughout the year. Above the permafrost is the active layer, which experiences su...

Ice formation in the xylem sap produces air bubbles that under negative xylem pressures may expand and cause embolism in the xylem conduits. We used the centrifuge method to evaluate the relationship between freeze-thaw embolism and conduit diameter across a range of xylem pressures (Px) in the conifers Pinus contorta and Juniperus scopulorum. Vulnerability curves showing loss of conductivity (...

OBJECTIVES Progastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP) is a promising biomarker for small cell lung cancer. However, not much is known about how sample processing and storage conditions affect the stability of proGRP. Here, we examined the effects of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of proGRP in plasma and serum. METHODS Concentrations of proGRP were measured in plasma and serum samples...

Semen cryopreservation is an important procedure in the treatment of human infertility. However, the ability of spermatozoa to survive freeze/thaw processes varies between patients. Cryopreservation-induced stress may result in membrane injury with consequent loss of sperm motility and viability. We investigated the relationship between the physico-chemical state of the human sperm membranes an...