The increased number of automobiles in recent years has resulted in great demand for fossil fuel. This has led to the development of automobile by using alternative fuels which include gaseous fuels, biofuels and vegetables oils as fuel. Energy from biomass and more specific bio-diesel is one of the opportunities that could cover the future demand of fossil fuel shortage. Biomass in the form of...

We build a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model with one-sided substitutability between fossil carbon and biocarbon. One shock only, the discovery of the technology to use fossil fuels, leads to a transition from an inital pre-industrial phase to three following phases: a pure fossil carbon phase, a mixed fossil and biocarbon phase and an absorbing biocarbon phase. The increased competi...

Exploitation of fossil fuels such as lignite, brown coal, crude oil and natural gas comes from the oxidation of carbon stored over millions of years in the Earth’s crust; the combustible energy when released in the atmosphere emits carbon dioxide (CO2). Increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere causes global warming, because it is a greenhouse gas. Fossil fuels are limited and concentrat...

By acceptance of this article, the publisher and/or recipient acknowledges the U.S. Government's right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper. [Abstract] Tropospheric sulfate aerosols produced by atmospheric oxidation of SO 2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion scatter solar radiation and enhance the reflectivity of clouds. Both effects decrea...

The isotopic composition of fossil fuels is an important component of many studies of C sources and sinks based on atmospheric measurements of CO2. In C budget studies, the isotopic composition of crude petroleum and CH4 are often used as a proxy for the isotopic composition of CO2 emissions from combustion. In this study, the C isotope composition (dC) of exhaust from the major fossil fuel emi...

A fundamental study of the characteristics of a sludge refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and the combustion behaviors were done. The test data demonstrate good results for the development of energy recovery technology of organic sludge or waste. The ash deposit formation propensity has been based on pretreatment, temperature and the ratio of organic sludge to sawdust. The usage of organic sludge and wa...

Goal, Scope and Background. As part of an LCA study comparing an average Dutch passenger car running on petrol with a similar car running on bio-ethanol and comparing an average Dutch passenger car running on diesel with a similar car running on biodiesel, the question raised to get more insight into the allocations made in fossil fuel chains in existing databases such as ecoinvent. Both biofue...

SUMMARy This issue brief examines the choice of what emissions to include—and where to regulate them—under a tax or tradable allowance policy to reduce fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. A companion brief (Issue Brief # 14) examines options for regulating non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) and non-fossil CO 2 emissions. Several points emerge from this discussion: A regulatory program th...