The complementation problem for nondeterministic word automata has numerous applications in formal verification. In order to check that the language of an automaton A1 is contained in the language of a second automaton A2, one checks that the intersection of A1 with an automaton that complements A2 is empty. Many problems in verification and design are reduced to language containment. In model ...

lived through a similar period of drastic changes. Prompted by a desire to produce something useful in retirement, I thought that a survey of my own experience of obstetrics in general practice over a period of forty years in Bristol might be of some interest and value. On reaching retirement at the age of 66 I had a mass of old pre-National Health Service maternity records, all on a private ba...

Around forty years passed from the beginning of operation of the first electron-positron colliding beam facility VEPP-2 in Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Novosibirsk. Here I described development of electron-positron colliding beam project in INP, as well as advance of similar projects of the first generation at LAL, Orsay and at LNF, Frascati.

Rotavirus was first identified as a human pathogen just over 40 years ago, and work on this pathogen in India started shortly thereafter. Subsequent studies have confirmed its pre-eminent role in gastroenteritis in children in India. Standardized surveillance has enabled the documentation of the high burden of disease, and has demonstrated that there is considerable geographic and temporal vari...

Debate over civil justice reform in the United States frequently centers on the extent to which damage awards granted by juries have been escalating over time. However, past studies on civil juries have been hampered by lack of data on verdicts spanning a sufficiently long time period. Average jury awards tend to be highly variable from year to year, making it difficult to distinguish trends ov...

Forty patients with Waldenstr#{246}m’s macroglobulinemia were evaluated for criteria of diagnosis, clinical presentation and course. response to therapy, and appropriateness of the classification primary or secondary. A wide spectrum of presentations, course, and complications were present. Thus, the major criteria for diagnosis was a monoclonal 1gM serum protein abnormality present in concentr...

Forty years after the signing of the National Cancer Act, we have produced a stunning repository of scientific information that is being translated into better therapies for patients. Although challenges remain, many solutions have been adopted, leading to early signs of progress against some of humankind's most dreadful diseases. This Prospective attempts to highlight some of the approaches th...

In the early 1970s, studies in Leland Hartwell's laboratory at the University of Washington launched the genetic analysis of the eukaryotic cell cycle and set the path that has led to our modern understanding of this centrally important process. This 45th-anniversary Retrospective reviews the steps by which the project took shape, the atmosphere in which this happened, and the possible morals f...