Realistically useful level 10 W m ?2 electric power generation is demonstrated during liquid cooling of a heat releasing surface using thin thermal boundary layer and thermally stable electrolyte flowing between non-isothermal electrodes.

Abstract Caves on planet Mars could potentially contain water ice deposits. Here, the physical processes responsible for growth and preservation of spelean formations are assessed. Martian caves situated in environments where phase transitions only by sublimation. The predominant type cave is expected to be perennial hoarfrost that slowly grows supersaturated cavities. role microclimates mainta...

Climate sensitivity to the representation of tropical anvil is investigated in a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model. Common features of tropical anvil generation and structure, consistent with observations and cloud resolving models, are incorporated into a simple prognostic anvil parameterization. These features include anvil convective origin, vert...

We compared the response to isocapnic hyperventilation (ISH), where both cooling and drying of the mucosa occur, with the response to inhaling aerosols of hypertonic saline (HS), where airway osmolarity increases without airway cooling. We studied nine subjects on two days. For ISH, subjects ventilated at 70% of their estimated maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). For HS, they inhaled aerosols ...

[1] This study aims to quantify the impact of strong monsoons on the mixed layer heat budget in the Arabian Sea by contrasting forced ocean general circulation model simulations with composite strong and weak monsoon winds. Strong (weak) monsoons are defined as years with zonal component of the Somali Jet being greater (smaller) by more than a standard deviation of the long-term mean of the Nat...

[1] We employ a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model to investigate the evolution of stratospheric temperatures over the twentieth century, forced by the known anthropogenic and natural forcing agents. In the global, annual-mean lower-to-middle stratosphere ( 20–30 km.), simulations produce a sustained, significant cooling by 1920, earlier than in any lower atmospheric region, largely resulti...

[1] The Holocene North Atlantic deep-water formation is studied in a 9,000-year long simulation with a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity, forced by changes in orbital forcing and atmospheric trace gas concentrations. During the experiment, deep-water formation in the Nordic Seas is reduced due to an enhanced influx of sea ice from the Central Arctic, decreasing both surface salin...

Forced shallow-water turbulence on a rotating sphere with Newtonian cooling is examined with the aim of elucidating the mechanism of the robust formation of equatorial superrotation reported by Scott and Polvani in 2008 (Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L24202). It is shown that the Newtonian cooling term distorts the structure of the Hough modes. This distortion can be visualized as either the westward...

To investigate whether reducing integumental temperature influences pulmonary mechanics and interacts with inhaling cold air, 10 normal and 10 asthmatic subjects participated in a three-part trial in which cooling the skin of the head and thorax and isocapnic hyperventilation of frigid air were undertaken as isolated challenges and then administered in combination. Integumental cooling for 30 m...

Climate sensitivity to the representation of tropical anvil is investigated in a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model. Common features of tropical anvil generation and structure, consistent with observations and cloud resolving models, are incorporated into a simple prognostic anvil parameterization. These features include anvil convective origin, vert...