background :  a large number of plants are used for treatment of diseases because of their antimicrobial activities. this study aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of some plants on the food pathogenic bacteria.   methods : plant extracts were obtained using the rotary system, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) by diluting method against bacteria was determined.   results :   ...

Many theorists emphasize the role of an “internal model of the world” in directing intelligent behavior. Internal models predict the evolution of the environment by imitating its causal flow. They compute prediction signals and use these prediction signals to form novel associative chains. Formation of such predictive chains may contribute to reasoning and planning. Animals seem to learn and us...

Anticipatory deployment of attention may operate through networks of brain areas that modulate the representations of to-be-attended items in advance of their occurrence through top-down control. Luks and Simpson (2004) (Luks, T.L., Simpson, G.V., 2004. Preparatory deployment of attention to motion activates higher order motion-processing brain regions. NeuroImage 22, 1515-1522) found activatio...

The rat somatosensory system contains multiple thalamocortical loops (TCLs) that altogether process, in fundamentally different ways, tactile stimuli delivered passively or actively sampled. To elucidate potential top-down mechanisms that govern TCL processing in awake, behaving animals, we simultaneously recorded neuronal ensemble activity across multiple cortical and thalamic areas while rats...

Bees feed on nectar and pollen, however these resources are often available to floral visitors during restricted temporal windows. The presence of memory is an advantage, as foragers can save energy by scheduling their flight activity coincide with peaks secretion in the flowers or at times higher sugar concentration nectar. Thus, objectives this study were (i) investigate whether Melipona subn...

We used functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging to measure brain activity during delay between reward-related decisions and their outcomes, and the modulation of this delay activity by uncertainty and arousal. Feedback, indicating financial gain or loss, was given following a fixed delay. Anticipatory arousal was indexed by galvanic skin conductance. Delay-period activity was associated with...

To investigate the control over drinking and feeding behavior by the light-entrainable circadian pacemaker, rats were maintained in a 12 h:12 h skeleton photoperiod for 36 days with both food and water restricted to the subjective day. During the restriction period most of the food and water intake was concentrated during the first 4 h of the subjective day. The subsequent release into ad lib c...

UNLABELLED Although high levels of negative affect and cognitions have been associated with greater pain sensitivity in chronic pain conditions, the neural mechanisms mediating the hyperalgesic effect of psychological factors in patients with pain disorders are largely unknown. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesized that 1) catastrophizing modulates brain responses to pain anticipation ...