We derive the pressure tensor and the heat flux to accompany the new macroscopic conservation equations that we developed in a volume-based kinetic framework for gas flows [1]. This kinetic description allows for expansion or compression of a fluid element, and is characterized by a flux of volume that conventional modelling does not account for. A new convective form of transport arises from t...

Whereas penumbral models during the last 15 years have been successful in explaining Evershed flows and magnetic field inclination variations in terms of flux tubes, the lack of contact between these models and a convective process needed to explain the penumbral radiative heat flux has been disturbing. We report on recent observational and theoretical evidence that challenge flux tube interpre...

which contains the flux term J. The flux term J is a vector field that explains a movement of some physical contents u such as temperature, chemical potential, electrostatic potential, or fluid flows. Physical observations tell us in general that J depends on u and approximately on its gradient at each point x, that is, J J x,∇, u x . For linear cases, one can simply represent J as J c∇u on iso...

We present a spaceand ground-based study exploiting data from the coordinated Cluster and Double Star missions in order to investigate dayside magnetic reconnection under BY+ dominated IMF conditions. In-situ observations of magnetosheath flux transfer events combined with measurements of pulsed poleward and dawnward directed flows in the pre-noon sector high-latitude northern hemisphere ionosp...

The present study extends the range of flow patterns observed during boiling of water in a single minichannel of height 197 μm and width 1054 μm. The calculated hydraulic diameter of the channel is 333 μm. High-speed photography is used to obtain video images of the flow field. The top covers of the channels are made of Lexan to permit visual observation, while the minichannel is machined in a ...

Given a flow on a surface, we consider the problem of connecting two distinct trajectories by a curve of extremal (absolute) instantaneous flux. We develop a complete classification of flux optimal curves, accounting for the possibility of the flux having spatially and temporally varying weight. This weight enables modelling the flux of non-equilibrium distributions of tracer particles, polluti...

A significant inward flux of toroidal momentum is found in global gyrokinetic simulations of ion temperature gradient turbulence, leading to core plasma rotation spin-up. The underlying mechanism is identified to be the generation of residual stress due to the k parallel symmetry breaking induced by global quasistationary zonal flow shear. Simulations also show a significant off-diagonal elemen...

We reconsider the important question of the effect of a strong mean shear flow on the transport of a passive scalar field. By incorporating the effect of resonance, we show that the flux scales with the mean shear Omega as Omega(-1). The results also indicate that the scaling of the flux and cross phase with shear is rather weak and that the cross phase is not always more heavily suppressed tha...

With the polarimetric observations obtained by the Spectro-Polarimeter on board Hinode, we study the relationship between granular development and magnetic field evolution in the quiet Sun. 6 typical cases are displayed to exhibit interaction between granules and magnetic elements, and we have obtained the following results. (1) A granule develops centrosymmetrically when no magnetic flux emerg...

The new dynamic phase diagram for driven vortices with varying lattice softness we present here indicates that, at high driving currents, at least two distinct dynamic phases of flux flow appear depending on the vortex-vortex interaction strength. When the flux lattice is soft, the vortices flow in independently moving channels with smectic structure. For stiff flux lattices, adjacent channels ...