Results The disease mainly affects males from poor socio-economic backgrounds who are involved in paddy farming . Mild proteinuria was present but urinary sediments were normal. Renal biopsies were reported as interstitial nephritis. Significant predictors of kidney disease in these patients included age, history of smoking, being under treatment for hypertension and drinking well water in the ...

Sixty-seven small areas in England have been classified into four groups according to the level of naturally occurring fluoride in their water supplies. Small area mortality statistics for 1969-73 have been used to look for differences in cancer mortality in relation to fluoride levels. Deaths from all cancers and from cancer at 12 specific body sites have been examined; no consistent trends in...

Fluorine is the 13 most abundant naturally occurring element in the Earth’s crust and is the lightest member of the halogens. It is the most electronegative and reactive of all the elements and as a result, elemental fluorine does not occur in nature but found as a fluoride mineral complexes. Exposure to fluoride beyond the recommended level for longer duration causes fluorosis. Several physica...

To cite: Peckham S, Lowery D, Spencer S. J Epidemiol Community Health Published Online First: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/ jech-2014-204971 ABSTRACT Background While previous research has suggested that there is an association between fluoride ingestion and the incidence of hypothyroidism, few population level studies have been undertaken. In England, approximately 10% of the po...

BACKGROUND One of the dental health goals of Health Japan 21, in which the Japanese government clarified its health policy, was to ensure the use of fluoride toothpaste in 90% or more of schoolchildren. This goal was not achieved. The aim of this cross-sectional questionnaire study was to evaluate the characteristics of parents whose children use non-fluoride toothpaste. METHODS In December 2...

The widespread availability of fluoride from many sources is accepted as a major reason for the caries decline among children in developed countries. There is still controversy, however, about its principal mode of action. This article reviews the evidence on fluoride's preeruptive and posteruptive effects, and suggests reasons for its continuing role in the caries decline. Early fluoridation s...

Fluoride in drinking water has a profound effect on teeth and bones. Up to a small level (1-1.5mg/L) this strengthens the enamel. Concentrations in the range of 1.5-4 mg/L result in dental fluorosis whereas with prolonged exposure at still higher fluoride concentrations (4-10mg/L) dental fluorosis progresses to skeletal fluorosis. High fluoride concentrations in groundwater, up to more than 30 ...

This article explores data mining techniques in health care. In particular, it discusses data mining and its application in areas where people are affected severely by using the underground drinking water which consist of high levels of fluoride in Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu State, India. This paper identifies the risk factors associated with the high level of fluoride content in water, u...

BACKGROUND To determine the severity of dental fluorosis in selected populations in Chiang Mai, Thailand with different exposures to fluoride and to explore possible risk indicators for dental fluorosis. METHODS Subjects were male and female lifetime residents aged 8-13 years. For each child the fluoride content of drinking and cooking water samples were assessed. Digital images were taken of...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to classify brands of bottled water by manufacturer assigned labeling to verify the concentration of fluoride for those brands that claim to contain fluoride, and to determine the existence and concentration of fluoride for those brands that do not cite fluoride or list it as undetermined on the product label. METHODS A convenience sample of bottled drink...