The study is concentrated on the different possible protection systems for lightning and the war of Lightning Rods between scientists and sales of rods are explained. Two experimental tests (in high voltage Laboratory) were made to give the answers if delaying streamer air terminal is effective than franklin rod or not. A breakdown voltage for different air gaps are measured and compared betwee...

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 H. Ingason et al., Tunnel Fire Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2199-7_2 Abstract The effect of ventilation on fire development is one of the most important phenomena to understand in tunnel fire safety engineering. Ventilation controls the combustion process and is usually the phenomenon that engineers find most difficult to comprehend. Tunnel fi...

Due to micro landforms and climate, the 110 kV transmission lines crossing mountain areas are exposed severe icing conditions for both their high voltage (HV) conductors shield wires during winter. Ice accumulation on wire causes excessive sag, which leads a reduced clearance between earth HV wires, could eventually result in tripping of line due phase-to-ground flashover. lack effective de-ici...

Abstract The traditional design fires commonly considered in structural fire engineering, like the standard and Eurocode parametric fires, were developed several decades ago based on experimental compartments smaller than 100 m 2 floor area. These experiments led to inherent assumption of flashover that temperatures burning conditions are uniform whole compartment, regardless its size. However,...