The three fundamental geometric components of YangMills theory -gauge field, gauge fixing and ghost fieldare unified in a new object: an extended connection in a properly chosen principal fiber bundle. To do this, it is necessary to generalize the notion of gauge fixing by using a gauge fixing connection instead of a section. From the equations for the extended connections curvature, we derive ...

Gouranga C Nayak ∗ 1 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Abstract In this paper we derive a gauge fixing identity by varying the covariant gauge fixing term in Z[A, J, η, η̄] in the background field method of QCD in pure gauge. Using this gauge fixing identity we establish a relation between Z[J, η, η̄] in QCD and Z[A, J, η, η̄] in background field method of QCD in ...

The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of Nitrogen fixing bacteria and manure application on the seed yield and yield components in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). The experiment was carried out at the RAN Research Station in Firouzkouh in 2012. A 4×4 factorial experiment, arranged in a randomized complete blocks designed with three replications. The treatments ...