We survey 1,050 Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) in the U.S., Europe, and Asia to directly assess whether their firms are credit constrained during the global financial crisis of 2008. We study whether corporate spending plans differ conditional on this surveybased measure of financial constraint. Our evidence indicates that constrained firms planned deeper cuts in tech spending, employment, and...

abstract in the past few years, diversification has turned into a highly controversial issue amongst numerous managers in almost each and every business. it is contended by many that diversification is vitally important and highly effective especially when it comes to evaluating the financial performance. there are several studies about the relationship between diversification and financial per...

This paper assesses whether the primary effect of the global crisis on Eastern European firms took the form of an adverse demand shock or a credit crunch. Using a unique firm survey conducted by the World Bank in six Eastern European countries during the 2008 e2009 financial crisis, the paper shows that the drop in demand for firms' products and services was overwhelmingly reported as the most ...

Background: We aimed to evaluate the current status of scientific production in the field of substance use and addiction in Iran, to determine its trend and pattern during a 5 years period (2008-2012). Methods: Using relevant keywords, we searched three international databases (Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus) and two local databases (SID and Iranmedex) to locate the papers published in the...

purpose: to evaluate malpractice complaints against ophthalmologist referred to the iri. methods: this cross-sectional study was performed on medical council during years 2003 to 2008. spss software was used for analysis. results: during this period from 1869 cases of malpractice 115 (%6.1) have been related to the field of ophthalmology but in order to some problems we can’t analysis 24 files....