In a newly published article in the scientific journal Nature (496, 311–316), scientists report a significant step in the understanding of the evolutionary process that led certain ancient fish to develop limbs and emerge onto dry land, becoming the ancestors of all amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. This transition is one of the most important in the development of life on earth. The ne...

Heat transfer enhancement in tubes is widely applied various industrial processes. The traditional method of heat to insert radial fins expand the internal surface area and destroy flow. However, there a flue gas corridor central tube, cost expanding inner fin high. A centrally symmetrical bent extruded aluminum was developed enhance tube. An experimental platform constructed test performance f...

In this paper a model for the performance prediction and optimization of air coolers for indirect refrigeration systems is presented. The model applies for finned rube air coolers operating under frosting conditions and considers the transient heat and mass transfer between humid air and air cooler surfaces. The model is extended with an energy consumption analysis for the compression refrigera...

Indoor corrosion failures of aluminum-finned copper-tube evaporator coils, and also in some systems without aluminum fins, is a menacing issue in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry. Extensive laboratory testing has verified the development of a reproducible screening method to assess suspected contaminants of producing premature failures of copper tube resulting from...

Phylogenomic analysis of large sets of molecular characters, primarily DNA and proteins, provides great opportunities to estimate and understand important evolutionary processes. However, molecular phylogenies inferred from individual loci often differ. This incongruence among phylogenies can be the result of systematic error, but can also be the result of different evolutionary histories. We p...

*Correspondence: Lionel Cavin, Département de Géologie et Paléontologie, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 1 rue Malagnou, CP6434, 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] Since its usage by Darwin (1859), the concept of “living fossil” has undergone multiple definitions and has been much discussed and criticized. Soon after its discovery in 1938, the coelacanth Latimeria was rega...